Questions and Answers
What are the schools of argument?
What does 'obvious' mean in the context of argument?
Makes a direct claim based on or drawn from evidence; moves readers to recognize problems and consider solutions.
What does 'invitational' argument aim for?
Aims not to defeat, but to invite others to enter a space of mutual regard and expression.
Describe the Rogerian approach to argument.
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What are the standards of an academic argument?
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What are some purposes of argument?
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What does it mean to 'inform' in an argument?
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What is meant by 'convince' in the context of argument?
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What is the purpose of 'persuade' in argumentation?
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What does it mean to 'explore' in an argument?
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What does 'make decisions' imply in argumentation?
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What is the meaning of 'meditate or pray' in the context of argument?
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What are the occasions for argument?
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What is a forensic argument focused on?
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What does deliberative argument pertain to?
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Define epideictic / ceremonial argument.
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What are the types of argument?
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Explain what a fact-based argument entails.
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What does a definition argument seek to clarify?
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What is the aim of a proposal argument?
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Describe an evaluation argument.
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Study Notes
Schools of Argument
- Different types include obvious, invitational, Rogerian, and academic.
Obvious Argument
- Makes direct claims based on evidence.
- Encourages readers to recognize problems and consider solutions.
Invitational Argument
- Focuses on inviting others into a mutual space for discussion, rather than defeating opposing views.
Rogerian Argument
- A non-threatening approach that seeks common ground and trust.
- Aims for win/win solutions and understanding differing perspectives.
Academic Argument
- Adheres to professional standards and is based on rigorous research.
- Prioritizes honesty and accuracy within a discipline.
Purposes of Argument
- Key purposes include informing, convincing, persuading, exploring, making decisions, and meditating or praying in academic contexts.
Informing
- Aimed at educating the audience about unknown information.
- Common examples include street signs and newspaper headlines.
Convincing
- Involves presenting evidence to prove a point and counter opposing views.
- Often seen in reports and academic articles.
Persuading
- Motivates action and change with compelling language and repetition.
- Common in advertisements and political commentary.
Exploring
- Identifies and asserts the existence of problems needing solutions.
- Engages with opponents and controversial trends; relevant examples include economic forecasts.
Making Decisions
- Involves weighing pros and cons to arrive at sound choices.
- Decision-making processes may include educational paths and career options.
Meditating or Praying
- Focused on reaching a state of peace or understanding through introspection.
- Can manifest in religious contexts like poetry and art.
Occasions for Argument
- Types include forensic, deliberative, and epideictic (ceremonial) arguments.
Forensic Argument
- Centers on past events, relying on evidence to recreate what has happened.
- Incorporates historical precedents to influence present policies.
Deliberative Argument
- Concerns future policies and decisions within legislative bodies.
- Utilizes forensic arguments and projections to hypothesize future outcomes.
Epideictic / Ceremonial Argument
- Relates to current values reflected in speeches, eulogies, and ceremonies.
- Critiques and praises societal norms, reinforcing shared values.
Types of Argument
- Common types include fact, definition, evaluation, causality, and proposal arguments.
Fact Argument
- Investigates whether something occurred; provable through specific evidence.
- Often entails complex layers and factual analysis.
Definition Argument
- Explores the nature of objects or actions, determining category belonging.
- Can lead to significant debates, such as those surrounding ethical questions like abortion.
Proposal Argument
- Focuses on identifying problems and suggesting actionable solutions.
- Addresses statements such as excessive college tuition and potential reforms.
Evaluation Argument
- Assesses the quality of a subject, derived from argument of definition.
- Involves establishing criteria to measure and evaluate effectiveness or merit.
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Description
Test your understanding of essential argumentative schools with these flashcards covering terms from Chapter 1 of the EAA. Each card highlights different approaches, including obvious, invitational, and Rogerian arguments. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge and improving your argumentation skills.