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Questions and Answers
What effect does E6 have on p53?
What effect does E6 have on p53?
A diploid cell has _______ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell.
A diploid cell has _______ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell.
An organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited _______.
An organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited _______.
The first level of DNA organization in a eukaryotic cell is maintained by which molecule?
The first level of DNA organization in a eukaryotic cell is maintained by which molecule?
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Identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere are called ______.
Identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere are called ______.
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Which event does not occur during some stages of interphase?
Which event does not occur during some stages of interphase?
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The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure?
The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure?
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The unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?
The unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?
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What is a key outcome of crossover events during prophase I of meiosis?
What is a key outcome of crossover events during prophase I of meiosis?
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During which phase of meiosis does the random assortment of tetrads occur?
During which phase of meiosis does the random assortment of tetrads occur?
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What is the total number of different gametes produced with n = 23 chromosomes?
What is the total number of different gametes produced with n = 23 chromosomes?
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What happens during anaphase I regarding sister chromatids?
What happens during anaphase I regarding sister chromatids?
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In cytokinesis during animal cell division, what process typically separates the cell contents?
In cytokinesis during animal cell division, what process typically separates the cell contents?
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How do cells in plants differ during cytokinesis compared to animal cells?
How do cells in plants differ during cytokinesis compared to animal cells?
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What is the result of the first meiotic division?
What is the result of the first meiotic division?
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What does the term 'random assortment' refer to in meiosis?
What does the term 'random assortment' refer to in meiosis?
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Which type of cells were found to have cytoskeleton components involving the cell cycle?
Which type of cells were found to have cytoskeleton components involving the cell cycle?
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What is a significant difference between human somatic cells and human gametes?
What is a significant difference between human somatic cells and human gametes?
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Which regulatory mechanism is used by Rb to halt the cell cycle at the G1 checkpoint?
Which regulatory mechanism is used by Rb to halt the cell cycle at the G1 checkpoint?
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What role do chemotherapy drugs like vincristine play in cell division?
What role do chemotherapy drugs like vincristine play in cell division?
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How do eukaryotic chromosomes manage to fit inside a nucleus despite being much longer?
How do eukaryotic chromosomes manage to fit inside a nucleus despite being much longer?
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What is a characteristic feature of proto-oncogenes?
What is a characteristic feature of proto-oncogenes?
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In which phase does a cell typically transition to G0 instead of G1 after cytokinesis?
In which phase does a cell typically transition to G0 instead of G1 after cytokinesis?
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What is the consequence of a cell producing mutated non-functional cohesin protein?
What is the consequence of a cell producing mutated non-functional cohesin protein?
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What is the result of fertilization in sexual reproduction?
What is the result of fertilization in sexual reproduction?
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During which meiotic phase is the ploidy level reduced from diploid to haploid?
During which meiotic phase is the ploidy level reduced from diploid to haploid?
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What do spores develop into under favorable conditions?
What do spores develop into under favorable conditions?
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What structure forms at the crossover points during meiosis?
What structure forms at the crossover points during meiosis?
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What is a multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces haploid spores?
What is a multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces haploid spores?
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What is interkinesis?
What is interkinesis?
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Which term describes the specialized cell line that produces gametes?
Which term describes the specialized cell line that produces gametes?
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What type of cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores?
What type of cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores?
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What is the role of cohesin proteins during meiosis?
What is the role of cohesin proteins during meiosis?
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What term refers to the stage in the life cycle where both diploid and haploid forms exist?
What term refers to the stage in the life cycle where both diploid and haploid forms exist?
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What is the genetic content of the two daughter cells in prophase II of meiosis?
What is the genetic content of the two daughter cells in prophase II of meiosis?
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How many unique gametes can one pea plant produce, assuming no crossing over and that it is diploid with 14 chromosomes?
How many unique gametes can one pea plant produce, assuming no crossing over and that it is diploid with 14 chromosomes?
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What is the ploidy of the most conspicuous form of most fungi?
What is the ploidy of the most conspicuous form of most fungi?
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The diploid, multicellular stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called what?
The diploid, multicellular stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called what?
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What characteristic distinguishes telophase I from telophase II during meiosis in animal cells?
What characteristic distinguishes telophase I from telophase II during meiosis in animal cells?
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Which life cycle aspect primarily characterizes most animal life cycles?
Which life cycle aspect primarily characterizes most animal life cycles?
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In what type of cyclical process do hydras and jellyfish adapt to environmental changes?
In what type of cyclical process do hydras and jellyfish adapt to environmental changes?
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Why is crossing over significant in meiosis?
Why is crossing over significant in meiosis?
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Study Notes
p53 and E6 Interactions
- E6 protein from HPV inactivates p53, a crucial tumor suppressor gene.
- E6 binding leads to p53's degradation, disrupting cell cycle regulation.
- Mutated p53 fails to trigger apoptosis, allowing damaged cells to proliferate.
Cell Division Processes
- Kinetochore attaches to cohesin proteins during metaphase.
- Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate; chromatids separate and the nucleus reforms during cell division.
- The cell divides upon breakdown of cohesin proteins.
Chromosome Information
- Diploid cells contain twice the number of chromosomes compared to haploid cells.
- Genetic traits are determined by specific combinations of genes inherited from parents.
- The first level of DNA organization in eukaryotic cells is maintained by histones.
DNA and Chromatin Concepts
- Sister chromatids are identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere.
- Cohesin is crucial for the integrity of chromatid pairs prior to anaphase during mitosis.
Mitotic Spindle and Mitosis
- Mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during prometaphase.
- Telophase involves unpacking chromosomes and nuclear envelope formation, leading to two daughter cells.
Meiosis and Genetic Variation
- Meiosis I generates genetic diversity through crossover events and random assortment of tetrads.
- Each gamete formed has a unique combination of maternal and paternal genetic material.
- Meiosis results in the formation of four haploid cells from one diploid cell.
Life Cycle and Cellular Division
- In animals, cytokinesis involves cleavage furrows, while in plants, a cell plate is formed.
- Spores produced during sexual reproduction contain genetic combinations from both parents.
- Alternation of generations describes life cycles where diploid and haploid stages alternate.
Key Terminology
- Chiasmata: Intersection points where genetic exchange occurs between homologous chromosomes.
- Crossover: Exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids, increasing genetic diversity.
- Sporophyte: The diploid phase that produces haploid spores through meiosis.
- Gametophyte: The haploid phase that produces gametes.
Regulatory Mechanisms in Cell Cycle
- Cdk needs phosphorylation to activate and drive the cell cycle forward.
- Rb protein blocks progression at the G1 checkpoint, halting the cycle until conditions are appropriate.
- Faulty p53 can lead to unchecked cell growth, contributing to cancer.
Comparing Cell Types
- Human somatic cells are diploid with two copies of each chromosome; gametes are haploid with one copy.
- Eukaryotic chromosomes can fit inside the nucleus via extensive compaction, thanks to histones and chromatin structure.
Final Critical Thinking Points
- Regulatory loss in p53 can lead to cancerous transformations.
- Understanding the mechanisms of mitosis and meiosis is essential for comprehending genetic inheritance and diversity.
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Description
This quiz explores the relationship between the E6 protein and the p53 tumor suppressor, highlighting their interactions and effects on cell division. Test your understanding of how E6 can activate, inactivate, or mutate p53, as well as the role of the kinetochore during the cell cycle. Gain insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer biology.
