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E6 and p53 Interaction Quiz
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E6 and p53 Interaction Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What effect does E6 have on p53?

  • E6 activates p53
  • E6 mutates p53
  • E6 binding marks p53 for degradation (correct)
  • E6 inactivates p53 (correct)

    • A diploid cell has _______ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell.

  • twice (correct)
  • half
  • four times
  • one-fourth

    • An organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited _______.

  • genes (correct)
  • chromatids
  • cells
  • proteins

    • The first level of DNA organization in a eukaryotic cell is maintained by which molecule?

    <p>histone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere are called ______.

    <p>sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event does not occur during some stages of interphase?

    <p>separation of sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure?

    <p>centrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?

    <p>telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key outcome of crossover events during prophase I of meiosis?

    <p>They generate recombinant chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does the random assortment of tetrads occur?

    <p>Metaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of different gametes produced with n = 23 chromosomes?

    <p>8 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during anaphase I regarding sister chromatids?

    <p>Sister chromatids remain together at the centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cytokinesis during animal cell division, what process typically separates the cell contents?

    <p>Cleavage furrow formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells in plants differ during cytokinesis compared to animal cells?

    <p>They form a cell plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the first meiotic division?

    <p>Two haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'random assortment' refer to in meiosis?

    <p>The arrangement of tetrads on the metaphase plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells were found to have cytoskeleton components involving the cell cycle?

    <p>Gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between human somatic cells and human gametes?

    <p>Somatic cells have a full set of chromosomes; gametes have half.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulatory mechanism is used by Rb to halt the cell cycle at the G1 checkpoint?

    <p>Binding to DNA and preventing transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemotherapy drugs like vincristine play in cell division?

    <p>They disrupt mitosis by affecting microtubule dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eukaryotic chromosomes manage to fit inside a nucleus despite being much longer?

    <p>They are tightly packed with proteins into a compact structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of proto-oncogenes?

    <p>They can promote cell division when mutated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does a cell typically transition to G0 instead of G1 after cytokinesis?

    <p>If it is temporarily in rest following mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cell producing mutated non-functional cohesin protein?

    <p>It may lead to improper segregation of sister chromatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of fertilization in sexual reproduction?

    <p>The formation of a diploid zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which meiotic phase is the ploidy level reduced from diploid to haploid?

    <p>Meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do spores develop into under favorable conditions?

    <p>Multicellular haploid structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms at the crossover points during meiosis?

    <p>Chiasmata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a multicellular diploid life-cycle stage that produces haploid spores?

    <p>Sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is interkinesis?

    <p>A brief rest period between meiosis I and meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the specialized cell line that produces gametes?

    <p>Germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores?

    <p>Sporophyte cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cohesin proteins during meiosis?

    <p>To ensure sister chromatids are held together until anaphase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the stage in the life cycle where both diploid and haploid forms exist?

    <p>Alternation of generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic content of the two daughter cells in prophase II of meiosis?

    <p>haploid with two copies of each gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many unique gametes can one pea plant produce, assuming no crossing over and that it is diploid with 14 chromosomes?

    <p>128</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ploidy of the most conspicuous form of most fungi?

    <p>haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diploid, multicellular stage that gives rise to haploid cells by meiosis is called what?

    <p>sporophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes telophase I from telophase II during meiosis in animal cells?

    <p>Separation of homologous chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life cycle aspect primarily characterizes most animal life cycles?

    <p>Diploid-dominant phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of cyclical process do hydras and jellyfish adapt to environmental changes?

    <p>Alternation of generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is crossing over significant in meiosis?

    <p>It creates genetic variation in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    p53 and E6 Interactions

    • E6 protein from HPV inactivates p53, a crucial tumor suppressor gene.
    • E6 binding leads to p53's degradation, disrupting cell cycle regulation.
    • Mutated p53 fails to trigger apoptosis, allowing damaged cells to proliferate.

    Cell Division Processes

    • Kinetochore attaches to cohesin proteins during metaphase.
    • Sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate; chromatids separate and the nucleus reforms during cell division.
    • The cell divides upon breakdown of cohesin proteins.

    Chromosome Information

    • Diploid cells contain twice the number of chromosomes compared to haploid cells.
    • Genetic traits are determined by specific combinations of genes inherited from parents.
    • The first level of DNA organization in eukaryotic cells is maintained by histones.

    DNA and Chromatin Concepts

    • Sister chromatids are identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere.
    • Cohesin is crucial for the integrity of chromatid pairs prior to anaphase during mitosis.

    Mitotic Spindle and Mitosis

    • Mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during prometaphase.
    • Telophase involves unpacking chromosomes and nuclear envelope formation, leading to two daughter cells.

    Meiosis and Genetic Variation

    • Meiosis I generates genetic diversity through crossover events and random assortment of tetrads.
    • Each gamete formed has a unique combination of maternal and paternal genetic material.
    • Meiosis results in the formation of four haploid cells from one diploid cell.

    Life Cycle and Cellular Division

    • In animals, cytokinesis involves cleavage furrows, while in plants, a cell plate is formed.
    • Spores produced during sexual reproduction contain genetic combinations from both parents.
    • Alternation of generations describes life cycles where diploid and haploid stages alternate.

    Key Terminology

    • Chiasmata: Intersection points where genetic exchange occurs between homologous chromosomes.
    • Crossover: Exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids, increasing genetic diversity.
    • Sporophyte: The diploid phase that produces haploid spores through meiosis.
    • Gametophyte: The haploid phase that produces gametes.

    Regulatory Mechanisms in Cell Cycle

    • Cdk needs phosphorylation to activate and drive the cell cycle forward.
    • Rb protein blocks progression at the G1 checkpoint, halting the cycle until conditions are appropriate.
    • Faulty p53 can lead to unchecked cell growth, contributing to cancer.

    Comparing Cell Types

    • Human somatic cells are diploid with two copies of each chromosome; gametes are haploid with one copy.
    • Eukaryotic chromosomes can fit inside the nucleus via extensive compaction, thanks to histones and chromatin structure.

    Final Critical Thinking Points

    • Regulatory loss in p53 can lead to cancerous transformations.
    • Understanding the mechanisms of mitosis and meiosis is essential for comprehending genetic inheritance and diversity.

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    Related Documents

    Lectures 10_11_12_13.pdf

    Description

    This quiz explores the relationship between the E6 protein and the p53 tumor suppressor, highlighting their interactions and effects on cell division. Test your understanding of how E6 can activate, inactivate, or mutate p53, as well as the role of the kinetochore during the cell cycle. Gain insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer biology.

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