E411: Advanced Networking Quiz

Telecommunications History

• Telecommunications refers to the exchange of information over large distances using various mediums such as fiber, electromagnetic fields, light, and cable.

Historical Milestones

• 1667: Robert Hooke invented a string "telephone" that conveyed sounds over an extended wire by mechanical vibrations.
• 1753: Charles Morrison proposed using electricity to transmit messages using different wires for each letter, leading to the development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse.
• 1837: Samuel Morse developed and patented a recording electric telegraph, and his assistant Alfred Vail developed an instrument called the register for recording received messages.
• 1838: The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on January 11, 1838, across two miles of wire.
• 1844: Innocenzo Manzetti first proposed the idea of a "speaking telegraph" (telephone).
• 1854: Antonio Meucci demonstrated an electric voice-operated device in New York.
• 1861: Philipp Reis constructed the first speech transmitting telephone.
• 1871: Antonio Meucci filed a patent caveat for a device he named "Sound Telegaph".
• 1872: Elisha Gray established Western Electric Manufacturing Company and contested with A.G. Bell for the invention of the telephone.
• 1875:
  • April 6: Alexander Graham Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" was granted.
  • July 1: Bell used a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that could transmit "voicelike sounds" but not clear speech.
• 1876:
  • January 20: Bell signed and notarized his patent application for the telephone.
  • February 11: Elisha Gray designed a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone.
  • March 10: Bell transmitted the sentence "Mr. Watson, come here! I want to see you!" using a liquid transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver.
• 1877:
  • January 30: Bell's U.S. Patent No. 186,787 for the telephone was granted.
  • April 27: Edison filed for a patent on a carbon (graphite) transmitter.
  • November 3: Coy applied for and received a franchise from the Bell Telephone Company for New Haven and Middlesex Counties.
• 1878:
  • January 15: District Telephone Company of New Haven was established, providing telephone service for a small area.
  • February 21: The first telephone directory was published, listing 50 subscribers.
• 1915: The first U.S. coast-to-coast long distance telephone call was made, ceremonially inaugurated by A.G. Bell in New York City and his former assistant Thomas Augustus Watson in San Francisco, California.

Philippine Telecoms Milestones

• 1905: The Philippine Island Telephone & Telegraph Corporation was established with 500 telephone subscribers.
• 1919: The first wireless (radio) telephone service was established by the Bureau of Post in Mindoro, Palawan, Sulu, Jolo, and Zamboanga.
• 1928: The Philippine Long Distance Telephone (PLDT) Company was established after a legislature ordered the merging of four different telephone companies operated by the Americans.
• 1972: Direct telephone service via satellite was established with the United Kingdom, France, and Singapore.
• 1989: Republic Act No. 6849 provided for the installation, operation, and maintenance of public telephones in each and every municipality in the Philippines.
• 1991: The first cellular mobile phone service was operational, called "Mobiline" under PLDT through Piltel, using analog cellular technology (1G).
• 1994: Islacom and Globe entered the cellular market using GSM (2G) technology.
• 1995: Republic Act No. 7925 promoted and governed the development of Philippine telecommunications and the delivery of public telecommunications services, opening the industry to more players.
• 2003: Sun Cellular entered commercially, offering cellular network services.
• 2016:
  • Republic Act No. 10844 created the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), defining its powers and functions, and appropriating funds for other purposes.
  • The Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) was established.

Wired Technology Overview

• Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) is the collective system of wired telephony, commonly known as "landline" network.
• PSTN Dialing Mechanisms:
  • Rotary or Mechanical Dial: an impulse sending device that breaks the circuit as many times as the number dialed, producing pulses of current and sending it over the subscriber's line to the exchange.
  • Pulse-to-Tone Dialing (Touch-Tone Service Telephone): a push-button telephone that contains tone generating circuits, generating two frequencies to identify the key.

Wireless Technology Overview

• Evolution of wireless technology: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and Internet of Things (IoT)