Biopsych Chapter 16

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Questions and Answers

What is Dyslexia?

A disorder that affects someone's ability to read (correct)

A disorder that affects someone's ability to speak

A disorder that affects someone's ability to hear

A disorder that affects someone's ability to write

How many types of Dyslexia are mentioned in the text?

Three

One

Two (correct)

Four

What causes Acquired Dyslexia?

Brain damage (correct)

Auditory processing disorder

Visual impairment

Attention deficit disorder

What is the prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia among English speakers according to the text?

5 to 12 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which gender is Developmental Dyslexia more common in?

Boys Signup and view all the answers

What is the current understanding of the causes of Developmental Dyslexia?

Partially understood Signup and view all the answers

What kind of brain activity reduction is observed in children with dyslexia according to the text?

Reduced FMRI activity in their left parietal cortex and in their left occipitotemporal junction Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers tend to focus on when studying the neural mechanisms of dyslexia?

Brain pathology Signup and view all the answers

What deficits have been attributed to developmental dyslexia according to the text?

Attentional, auditory, visual and sensorimotor deficits Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of Acquired Dyslexia according to the text?

Brain damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Acquired Dyslexia and Developmental Dyslexia?

Acquired Dyslexia is caused by brain damage, while Developmental Dyslexia is a disorder someone is born with Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of researchers studying the neural mechanisms of dyslexia according to the text?

Brain pathology Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of dyslexia according to widespread agreement?

Specific disturbance of phonological processing Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure works best for reading familiar words?

Lexical procedure Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of surface dyslexia?

Difficulty with words not following common pronunciation rules Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for deep dyslexia?

Phonological dyslexia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difficulty for patients with deep dyslexia?

Pronouncing non-words and abstract words Signup and view all the answers

What is a lexical procedure based on?

Specific stored information acquired with written word Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cognitive neuroscience of surface dyslexia?

Ability to retain pronunciation of words consistent with common rules Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of cognitive neuroscience of deep dyslexia?

Inability to pronounce non-words Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between lexical and phonetic procedures?

Lexical is based on stored information, while phonetic involves sounding out letters Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difficulty for patients with surface dyslexia?

Pronouncing words not following common rules Signup and view all the answers

What are the errors typically made by patients with surface dyslexia?

Involving the miss application of common rules of pronunciation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difficulty for patients with deep dyslexia in attempting to pronounce words?

Reacting to words using various lexical strategies Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dyslexia Overview

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that affects reading and language processing.
It is typically characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.

Types of Dyslexia

Two main types are identified: Developmental Dyslexia and Acquired Dyslexia.

Causes of Acquired Dyslexia

Acquired Dyslexia is caused by brain injury or neurological diseases impacting areas responsible for reading and language.

Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia

Developmental Dyslexia occurs in about 5-10% of English speakers, indicating a significant presence within the population.

Gender Disparity

Developmental Dyslexia is more commonly diagnosed in males than females, showing a gender bias in prevalence.

Causes of Developmental Dyslexia

Current understanding indicates a mix of genetic and neurobiological factors contributing to its development.

Brain Activity in Dyslexia

There is a reduction in brain activity in specific areas associated with reading tasks, especially in the left hemisphere.

Research Focus

Researchers concentrate on understanding the neural mechanisms associated with reading deficits and their relationship to dyslexia.

Deficits in Developmental Dyslexia

Deficits include difficulties with phonological processing, working memory, and rapid naming.

Acquired vs. Developmental Dyslexia

Acquired Dyslexia occurs due to injury or illness, while Developmental Dyslexia is present from early childhood and is not a result of external brain damage.

Major Cause of Dyslexia

There is widespread agreement that phonological processing deficits are the main cause of dyslexia.

Reading Familiar Words

The lexical route is perceived as the most effective for reading familiar words due to its reliance on stored word representations.

Surface Dyslexia Characteristics

Individuals with surface dyslexia struggle with recognizing words based on their visual form but can somewhat manage phonetically decoding them.

Deep Dyslexia

Deep Dyslexia, also known as "semantic dyslexia," involves significant issues with word recognition and comprehension, where patients may produce semantically related errors.

Lexical Procedure Basis

The lexical procedure relies on the recognition of whole words stored in memory rather than breaking down sounds.

Cognitive Neuroscience of Surface Dyslexia

Surface dyslexia is characterized by an inability to access irregularly spelled words, leading to a reliance on phonetic decoding, which can result in mispronunciations.

Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep Dyslexia

Deep dyslexia features an inability to read regular and irregular words fluently, often leading to semantic errors.

Lexical vs. Phonetic Procedures

Lexical procedures involve recognizing whole words, while phonetic procedures focus on decoding words by their sounds.

Surface Dyslexia Difficulties

Patients experience trouble reading irregularly spelled words, leading to frequent errors.

Errors in Surface Dyslexia

Typical errors include misreading words that don’t follow phonetic rules or rely heavily on phonetic decoding strategies.

Deep Dyslexia Pronunciation Challenges

Patients often face difficulties in pronouncing words accurately due to reliance on semantics rather than phonetics, resulting in additional confusion.

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Description

Test your knowledge of dyslexia with this quiz. Learn about the two types of dyslexia and how they affect an individual's ability to read. See if you can identify the differences between acquired dyslexia and developmental dyslexia.