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Questions and Answers
What term describes the tendency to interpret ambiguous behavior from others as intentional hostility?
What term describes the tendency to interpret ambiguous behavior from others as intentional hostility?
How can a dominant person's behavior affect their partner's emotional state?
How can a dominant person's behavior affect their partner's emotional state?
What is one way aggressive behavior perpetuates hostility in interactions?
What is one way aggressive behavior perpetuates hostility in interactions?
In what manner might a person with low conscientiousness provoke emotional reactions in their partner?
In what manner might a person with low conscientiousness provoke emotional reactions in their partner?
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What is the outcome of an aggressive man eliciting the silent treatment from his partner?
What is the outcome of an aggressive man eliciting the silent treatment from his partner?
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What kind of personality characteristic could directly influence the emotional reactions of others?
What kind of personality characteristic could directly influence the emotional reactions of others?
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What is a likely consequence of a partner undermining the self-esteem of the other?
What is a likely consequence of a partner undermining the self-esteem of the other?
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How can personality characteristics indirectly upset others in a relationship?
How can personality characteristics indirectly upset others in a relationship?
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What does complementary needs theory suggest about attraction between individuals?
What does complementary needs theory suggest about attraction between individuals?
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What phenomenon is described by the observation that individuals tend to marry people similar to themselves?
What phenomenon is described by the observation that individuals tend to marry people similar to themselves?
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Which of the following statements aligns with attraction similarity theory?
Which of the following statements aligns with attraction similarity theory?
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Which reason is NOT cited for why assortative mating might occur?
Which reason is NOT cited for why assortative mating might occur?
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What can be a byproduct of the selection process according to the content?
What can be a byproduct of the selection process according to the content?
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Which factor could account for positive correlations in mate similarity outside of selection?
Which factor could account for positive correlations in mate similarity outside of selection?
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According to the complementary needs theory, which type of partner would a dominant individual likely prefer?
According to the complementary needs theory, which type of partner would a dominant individual likely prefer?
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What does the phrase 'birds of a feather flock together' represent in this context?
What does the phrase 'birds of a feather flock together' represent in this context?
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Which tactic is predominantly used by individuals high in dominance?
Which tactic is predominantly used by individuals high in dominance?
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What personality traits are most likely to evoke likability in others?
What personality traits are most likely to evoke likability in others?
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How does being extraverted affect an individual's likability?
How does being extraverted affect an individual's likability?
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What tactic do low-agreeable individuals frequently use to influence others?
What tactic do low-agreeable individuals frequently use to influence others?
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Which personality trait is primarily associated with the use of the reason tactic in social influence?
Which personality trait is primarily associated with the use of the reason tactic in social influence?
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What is an outcome of a person displaying low agreeableness and honesty-humility?
What is an outcome of a person displaying low agreeableness and honesty-humility?
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What type of tactics do highly agreeable people typically employ?
What type of tactics do highly agreeable people typically employ?
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What does the phenomenon of expectancy confirmation imply about beliefs?
What does the phenomenon of expectancy confirmation imply about beliefs?
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In the study by Snyder and Swann (1978), what was the effect of leading individuals to expect hostility?
In the study by Snyder and Swann (1978), what was the effect of leading individuals to expect hostility?
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Which tactic is NOT commonly associated with low-agreeable individuals?
Which tactic is NOT commonly associated with low-agreeable individuals?
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What behavior is associated with conscientious individuals regarding social influence?
What behavior is associated with conscientious individuals regarding social influence?
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What common phrase suggests the need for a change in environment to alter personality perception?
What common phrase suggests the need for a change in environment to alter personality perception?
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What role do expectations about a person's reputation play in social interactions?
What role do expectations about a person's reputation play in social interactions?
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Which tactic did submissive individuals tend to use more frequently than their dominant counterparts?
Which tactic did submissive individuals tend to use more frequently than their dominant counterparts?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between likability and academic performance?
Which statement best describes the relationship between likability and academic performance?
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What is a common characteristic of low-agreeable individuals in a group regarding resources?
What is a common characteristic of low-agreeable individuals in a group regarding resources?
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What is the primary tactic used by emotionally unstable individuals to influence others?
What is the primary tactic used by emotionally unstable individuals to influence others?
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How do individuals low on Intellect–Openness generally attempt to influence others?
How do individuals low on Intellect–Openness generally attempt to influence others?
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Which dark triad personality trait is particularly associated with the use of hardball tactics?
Which dark triad personality trait is particularly associated with the use of hardball tactics?
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What do conscientious individuals typically provide when influencing others?
What do conscientious individuals typically provide when influencing others?
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Which tactic is less commonly associated with individuals high on Intellect–Openness?
Which tactic is less commonly associated with individuals high on Intellect–Openness?
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Which statement best reflects the findings regarding personality traits and social influence tactics?
Which statement best reflects the findings regarding personality traits and social influence tactics?
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What emotional behaviors are characteristic of emotionally unstable individuals when trying to get their way?
What emotional behaviors are characteristic of emotionally unstable individuals when trying to get their way?
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Which of the following is NOT a tactic associated with individuals high on the dark triad traits?
Which of the following is NOT a tactic associated with individuals high on the dark triad traits?
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How does personality influence selection in a social context?
How does personality influence selection in a social context?
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Which of the following best represents the evocation process in personality?
Which of the following best represents the evocation process in personality?
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In what way does manipulation manifest according to personality traits?
In what way does manipulation manifest according to personality traits?
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Which personality trait is likely to lead to a preference for city living?
Which personality trait is likely to lead to a preference for city living?
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What is a likely behavior of individuals characterized by low Conscientiousness?
What is a likely behavior of individuals characterized by low Conscientiousness?
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Which of these personality traits is most likely to use reason and rationality in social manipulation?
Which of these personality traits is most likely to use reason and rationality in social manipulation?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between personality and physical environment selection?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between personality and physical environment selection?
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How might a disagreeable person most likely manipulate their social interactions?
How might a disagreeable person most likely manipulate their social interactions?
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Study Notes
Dynamics & Determinants of Personality: Social Factors
- Two competing theories explain attraction:
- Complementary needs theory: people are attracted to others with different personality dispositions; opposites attract
- Attraction similarity theory: people are attracted to others with similar personality characteristics; birds of a feather flock together
- Assortative mating is a common finding in mate selection; people marry similar others
- Physical characteristics, including height, weight, and even nose breadth and earlobe length, show positive correlations in couples
- Personality assessments based on photos also show assortative mating
- Couples who have been together longest appear most similar, and couples who differ in personality break up more often
- Proximity plays a role in marital choices, and people tend to marry those close by
- Cultural factors like universities may prioritize similar individuals
- Research supports the attraction similarity theory
- Personality characteristics (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and intellect-openness) have a significant impact on marital satisfaction
- Individuals are more satisfied with their marriages if their partner is agreeable, emotionally stable, open-minded
- A partner's agreeableness is a strong predictor of happiness for both men and women in marriages
- Over time, marital satisfaction decreases, especially if spouses' personalities are considered progressively less desirable
Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples
- Breakups may occur more often when desires are violated than when they are fulfilled
- Personality differences are a significant predictor of marital instability and divorce
- Emotionally unstable individuals display high levels of jealousy and are prone to conflict, and their emotional upset lasts longer
- Low impulse control is also a predictor of marital dissatisfaction, leading to divorce
Evocation
- Evocation: the ways personality features elicit reactions from others
- Aggressive people evoke hostility in others; expecting hostility, they treat others aggressively, confirming their initial perception.
- Actions can evoke emotions in others (like condescending or neglectful behavior)
Evocation of Likability, Pleasure, and Pain
- Likability is linked with adjustment, mental health, and even academic performance.
- Agreeableness, the sociable component of extraversion, and honesty-humility consistently evoke likability in others and, in turn, pleasure
- Extraversion increases likability in online contexts
- Low agreeableness and honesty-humility evoke pain, irritation, and intimidation in others
Evocation through Expectancy Confirmation
- Expectancy confirmation means people's beliefs about others' personalities shape how they interact with and react to others
- People act in ways consistent with their beliefs about others' personalities, confirming those initial beliefs (self-fulfilling prophecy)
- Expectancies affect everyday interactions and can constrain a person's ability to change
Manipulation: Social Influence Tactics
- Manipulation or social influence: ways people intentionally change others' behavior.
- The term manipulation is descriptive, not necessarily negative
- Natural selection favors individuals adept at manipulating objects and others in their environment.
- There are no substantial sex differences in using social influence tactics
- Parents, however, use different tactics to influence their children's mate choices.
- Personality factors such as dominance and agreeableness correlate with manipulation tactics
- Highly dominant people use coercion, threatening and criticizing
- Highly agreeable people use logic and reasoning.
- Emotionally unstable people use regression (crying, whining, sulking)
- High intellect-openness people use reason.
Summary
- Personality heavily influences social interactions- it is not just in the head.
- Three key processes: selection, evocation, and manipulation
- Personality affects mate and friend choices, behaviors, and reactions from others, and environmental adaptations.
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Description
This quiz explores the social determinants of personality, focusing on theories of attraction such as complementary needs and attraction similarity. It examines how physical and personality traits influence mate selection, the effects of proximity, and the role of cultural factors in relationships. Test your understanding of how these dynamics shape human connections.
