Podcast
Questions and Answers
What process involves translating information into neural code for the brain to process?
What process involves translating information into neural code for the brain to process?
Which type of memory is characterized by knowledge of facts and personal experiences?
Which type of memory is characterized by knowledge of facts and personal experiences?
What term describes the process where stored memories are accessed?
What term describes the process where stored memories are accessed?
Which memory type involves performing skills or actions, such as driving a car?
Which memory type involves performing skills or actions, such as driving a car?
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What is the most common error that leads to the misidentification of an innocent person in eyewitness testimony?
What is the most common error that leads to the misidentification of an innocent person in eyewitness testimony?
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In memory processes, what does the term 'reconstructive memory' refer to?
In memory processes, what does the term 'reconstructive memory' refer to?
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What process in memory involves actively retaining information over time for later recall?
What process in memory involves actively retaining information over time for later recall?
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What type of memory reflects experiences and actions that are expressed competently, like playing a musical instrument?
What type of memory reflects experiences and actions that are expressed competently, like playing a musical instrument?
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What defines separation anxiety in infants?
What defines separation anxiety in infants?
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What does the Three Mountain Task assess in infants?
What does the Three Mountain Task assess in infants?
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According to Lev Vygotsky, how do children develop cognitive skills?
According to Lev Vygotsky, how do children develop cognitive skills?
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What is a significant criticism of Piaget's developmental theory?
What is a significant criticism of Piaget's developmental theory?
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What is the definition of sensation?
What is the definition of sensation?
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In cognitive psychology, what is the goal of understanding memory processes?
In cognitive psychology, what is the goal of understanding memory processes?
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What characterizes stranger anxiety in infants?
What characterizes stranger anxiety in infants?
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What is social constructivism's view on children's learning?
What is social constructivism's view on children's learning?
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What is the main focus of developmental psychology?
What is the main focus of developmental psychology?
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What are teratogens and their impact on development?
What are teratogens and their impact on development?
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What characterizes the Sensorimotor Stage according to Jean Piaget?
What characterizes the Sensorimotor Stage according to Jean Piaget?
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What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZOPED) encompass according to Lev Vygotsky?
What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZOPED) encompass according to Lev Vygotsky?
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What is Theory of Mind and its significance in understanding behaviors?
What is Theory of Mind and its significance in understanding behaviors?
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According to Carlson (2005), what are Executive Functions?
According to Carlson (2005), what are Executive Functions?
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What role do mirror neurons play in social interactions?
What role do mirror neurons play in social interactions?
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How does cognitive psychology contribute to understanding group dynamics?
How does cognitive psychology contribute to understanding group dynamics?
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Study Notes
Research on Obedience to Authority
- Aim: To study obedience in the absence of threat
- Number of participants: 20, 30, 40 or 50 (depending on the specific study)
Milgram's Study
- Switches labeled: With numbers, symbols, or descriptions of shock intensity, not colors
- Voltage level 150v: A key juncture where participants might refuse to continue, but it had no impact on the overall behavior of the participants
- Minimum voltage: Not the maximum voltage level in the experiment
- Physiological reactions (Virtual Reality Experiment): Participant reactions indicated they did not view virtual learner as real; participants were unaffected by the virtual environment; participants were not emotionally engaged
Sherif's Social Influence(1935)
- Focus: Influence processes in social psychology, including conformity to norms and group norm emergence, individual behavior, cognitive processes in decision-making, and social hierarchies
- Study purpose: (Asch's line judgment task): Measuring conformity to group opinion/visual perception abilities
- Study purpose: (Deutsch and Gerrard 1955): Testing influence using cognitive biases and normative/informative theories, rather than just relying on emotions/responses
Groups and Self-Definition (Turner 1991)
- Importance of groups: For self-definition, challenging group norms, asserting individuality, and building confidence within the group.
Memory Processes
- Encoding: The process of getting information into the system; translating this into a neural code
- Memory: The processes that allow us to record, store and retrieve experiences and information
- Types of memory: Explicit/declarative; reconstructive memory; implicit memory(skills and actions), episodic memory (personal experiences), procedural memory (specific skills).
- Three types of memory: Encoding, storage, retrieval
- Sensory and Perceptual systems: Produce physical energy; deconstruct stimuli; select relevant information; activate the brain
- Brain role in perception: Interpreting stimuli and processing different senses.
- Visual Acuity: Fovea/fovea centralis, has the highest visual acuity.
- Theory of Mind: The ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others; understanding behaviors
Cognitive Processes & Development
- Embodied cognition: Cognition is stored in sensory regions, primarily motor experience, cognition is grounded in sensory and motor systems, separate mental representation, traditional cognition approach
- The role of the brain in perception: For complex though, to keep us alive, experiences grounded in sensory/motor systems
- Sensory systems: Activation of the sense organs
- Sensory & perceptual systems: Construct interpretation of stimuli
Executive Functions
- Executive functions: According to Carlson (2005). Cognitive processes aid in monitoring and controlling thoughts. These consist of inhibition, working memory, and shifting/systematic/rigorous operations in children
Mirror Neurons and ASD
- Significance of mirror neurons: In understanding actions and imitation in ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)
- Brain cells: Active during observing/performing actions (mirror neurons); dysfunction potentially explaining impairments
Separation Anxiety/Stranger Anxiety in Infants
- Typical characteristics: Distress over separation from a primary caregiver, and distress over contact with unfamiliar people at specific ages.
Language & Communication
- Faces in human communication: Processing holistic/configural information and feature processing; expressions indicate emotions (facial expressions are critical)
Emotional Response to Stimuli
- The Thatcher Effect: Local processing of features; detection of inversion of eyes and mouth
Developmental Psychology
- Exploring the impact of technology on child development; understanding how & why physical, cognitive, and emotional abilities develop throughout childhood
- Not about analyzing historical trends, or studying adult behavior patterns.
- Main Focus: Understanding how physical, cognitive, and emotional abilities develop throughout childhood.
Stages of Development (Based on Piaget/Piaget's theory of development
- Sensorimotor Stage: Infants sense/move/lack complex thinking (no object permanence)
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZOPED): Difference between what a child can independently do and what they can do with supervision/peer assistance
- Theory of mind: Ability to attribute mental states to oneself & others (in social-cognitive development)
Biological Evolution
- Mechanisms: Genotype, phenotype, DNA, alleles, genes, competition, variation, heritability, reproductive success.
- Basic mechanism: Natural selection
- Key figures: Darwin, Wallace, Mendel, Gregor, Lucy
- Powerful tool: Mutation
Human Ancestors
- Oldest Human ancestor (two legs): Lucy
- Homo Genus: Homo Habilis (arisen 2 Million years ago)
- Taming Fire: Homo erectus
Origins of Homo Sapiens
- Origin: Africa
Energy Consumption in the Brain
- Brain's energy consumption at rest: 20%
Neurotransmitters
- Serotonin: Associated with inhibition and certain diseases
- Acetylcholine, Dopamine and GABA: Various functions.
Drugs
- Psychoactive drugs, produces sensory or perceptual delusions; the group is hallucinogens
Nervous system
- Neurotransmitters
- The terminology of the brain (corpus callosum, hippocampus):
- The term for the long fiber of a neuron: Axon
- Scientific study of the nervous system: Neuroscience.
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