Podcast
Questions and Answers
What critical observation did William Withering make regarding the purple foxglove plant, which was a precursor to understanding its mechanism?
What critical observation did William Withering make regarding the purple foxglove plant, which was a precursor to understanding its mechanism?
- It has an unobserved effect on the heart's motion, distinguishing it from other medicines. (correct)
- It alleviates dropsy by affecting multiple organ systems simultaneously.
- It directly improves renal perfusion, leading to reduced edema.
- It primarily acts as a diuretic, directly reducing fluid retention.
Why was the purple foxglove initially believed to be effective in treating dropsy?
Why was the purple foxglove initially believed to be effective in treating dropsy?
- Its active agents directly counteracted the underlying causes of dropsy.
- It directly stimulated the kidneys to produce more urine.
- Its effect on the heart improved renal perfusion, reducing edema. (correct)
- It reduced inflammation in the tissues, alleviating swelling.
How did the understanding of digitalis glycosides' action evolve from the initial observations of purple foxglove's effects?
How did the understanding of digitalis glycosides' action evolve from the initial observations of purple foxglove's effects?
- From a perceived direct diuretic effect to recognizing its impact on myocardial contractility. (correct)
- From primarily affecting the kidneys to improving nervous system regulation.
- From a general tonic to specifically targeting renal function.
- From solely alleviating edema to addressing the underlying inflammatory processes.
What distinguished the approach to drug therapy after the Renaissance from earlier practices?
What distinguished the approach to drug therapy after the Renaissance from earlier practices?
What is a key reason why digitalis glycosides are still prescribed today?
What is a key reason why digitalis glycosides are still prescribed today?
How did the practice of medicine evolve from ancient times through the 18th century regarding drug use?
How did the practice of medicine evolve from ancient times through the 18th century regarding drug use?
In what way did Edward Jenner's smallpox inoculations mark a significant development in medical treatments during the 18th century?
In what way did Edward Jenner's smallpox inoculations mark a significant development in medical treatments during the 18th century?
Which statement accurately reflects the role of observation in the evolution of pharmacology as a distinct discipline?
Which statement accurately reflects the role of observation in the evolution of pharmacology as a distinct discipline?
Which advancement most directly enabled the large-scale production of true human insulin, reducing reliance on animal sources?
Which advancement most directly enabled the large-scale production of true human insulin, reducing reliance on animal sources?
What is the primary role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in international drug control?
What is the primary role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in international drug control?
How does modifying the molecular structure of existing drugs, such as antibiotics, primarily benefit medical treatments?
How does modifying the molecular structure of existing drugs, such as antibiotics, primarily benefit medical treatments?
What is the main purpose of the animal and clinical patient studies that must be done before a drug can be marketed?
What is the main purpose of the animal and clinical patient studies that must be done before a drug can be marketed?
Why are alkaloids often converted into salts for medicinal use?
Why are alkaloids often converted into salts for medicinal use?
Which legislative act initially established the FDA and restricted the sale of medicinal preparations with little to no use?
Which legislative act initially established the FDA and restricted the sale of medicinal preparations with little to no use?
What is the primary reason for the decrease in mortality and increased life expectancy observed after the introduction of antibiotics?
What is the primary reason for the decrease in mortality and increased life expectancy observed after the introduction of antibiotics?
Which of the following medication sources is most likely to provide inorganic materials not found in plants or animals?
Which of the following medication sources is most likely to provide inorganic materials not found in plants or animals?
What was the main requirement introduced by the truth-in-labeling clause of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
What was the main requirement introduced by the truth-in-labeling clause of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
Why is the overuse of antibiotics a significant concern in modern medicine?
Why is the overuse of antibiotics a significant concern in modern medicine?
What key requirement did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment add to the drug approval process?
What key requirement did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment add to the drug approval process?
What primary substances did the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 aim to control?
What primary substances did the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 aim to control?
Which characteristic of porcine insulin makes it a valuable source for human insulin production?
Which characteristic of porcine insulin makes it a valuable source for human insulin production?
How did the introduction of sulfa-class antibiotics in 1935 impact medical practice?
How did the introduction of sulfa-class antibiotics in 1935 impact medical practice?
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 classifies drugs into how many schedules?
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 classifies drugs into how many schedules?
What is a key difference between traditional pharmacognosy and modern medication development?
What is a key difference between traditional pharmacognosy and modern medication development?
How did the Pure Food and Drug Act define official drug standards?
How did the Pure Food and Drug Act define official drug standards?
A patient experiencing a life-threatening seizure disorder associated with pregnancy would most likely be treated with a medication derived from which source?
A patient experiencing a life-threatening seizure disorder associated with pregnancy would most likely be treated with a medication derived from which source?
Why was the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 enacted?
Why was the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 enacted?
Why were physicians limited in their ability to effectively treat infections prior to 1935?
Why were physicians limited in their ability to effectively treat infections prior to 1935?
What control mechanisms exist for international drug trade?
What control mechanisms exist for international drug trade?
In emergency medicine, atropine sulfate, derived from the deadly nightshade plant, is primarily used for what purpose?
In emergency medicine, atropine sulfate, derived from the deadly nightshade plant, is primarily used for what purpose?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes, such as pancreatin and pepsin, as medication derived from animal sources?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes, such as pancreatin and pepsin, as medication derived from animal sources?
What is the most significant challenge associated with narcotic analgesics derived from the opium plant, such as morphine and codeine?
What is the most significant challenge associated with narcotic analgesics derived from the opium plant, such as morphine and codeine?
What is the primary purpose of using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in certain toxicological emergencies?
What is the primary purpose of using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in certain toxicological emergencies?
In the context of medication orders, what does 'p.c.' typically signify?
In the context of medication orders, what does 'p.c.' typically signify?
Which of the following routes of medication administration is represented by the abbreviation 'SL'?
Which of the following routes of medication administration is represented by the abbreviation 'SL'?
What does the abbreviation 'q.i.d.' stand for in medication prescriptions?
What does the abbreviation 'q.i.d.' stand for in medication prescriptions?
A patient's medication order reads 'NTG SL prn CP'. How should a nurse interpret this order?
A patient's medication order reads 'NTG SL prn CP'. How should a nurse interpret this order?
What is the primary purpose of Phase I clinical trials in new medication development?
What is the primary purpose of Phase I clinical trials in new medication development?
Which numerical classification, according to the FDA, is assigned to a new salt of a marketed drug?
Which numerical classification, according to the FDA, is assigned to a new salt of a marketed drug?
What does 'NPO' indicate in patient care?
What does 'NPO' indicate in patient care?
A medication is classified by the FDA with the letter 'P'. What does this signify regarding its therapeutic potential?
A medication is classified by the FDA with the letter 'P'. What does this signify regarding its therapeutic potential?
Which route of administration is indicated by the abbreviation 'IO'?
Which route of administration is indicated by the abbreviation 'IO'?
A patient's chart indicates 'Hx of COPD'. What does this signify?
A patient's chart indicates 'Hx of COPD'. What does this signify?
During drug development, animal studies are conducted. What is the main purpose of these preclinical trials?
During drug development, animal studies are conducted. What is the main purpose of these preclinical trials?
What is the interpretation of the abbreviation 't.i.d.' in medication prescriptions?
What is the interpretation of the abbreviation 't.i.d.' in medication prescriptions?
In the context of emergency medical care, what does 'ACLS' stand for?
In the context of emergency medical care, what does 'ACLS' stand for?
If a patient's lab results show elevated SpCO levels, what condition is indicated?
If a patient's lab results show elevated SpCO levels, what condition is indicated?
What information is typically gathered during Phase III clinical trials of a new medication?
What information is typically gathered during Phase III clinical trials of a new medication?
Which of the following best describes medications that are created by reordering genetic information to enable bacteria to produce a specific substance?
Which of the following best describes medications that are created by reordering genetic information to enable bacteria to produce a specific substance?
A patient with a known seizure disorder is experiencing a prolonged seizure. Which synthetically manufactured medication would be MOST appropriate to administer?
A patient with a known seizure disorder is experiencing a prolonged seizure. Which synthetically manufactured medication would be MOST appropriate to administer?
Why is it recommended to use multiple sources of information when researching a medication?
Why is it recommended to use multiple sources of information when researching a medication?
An EMS provider is unsure about the correct dosage of a medication. Which resource would provide the MOST rapid access to the needed information?
An EMS provider is unsure about the correct dosage of a medication. Which resource would provide the MOST rapid access to the needed information?
Which role does the FDA play in bringing a new medication to the market?
Which role does the FDA play in bringing a new medication to the market?
What is the purpose of animal studies during the medication development process?
What is the purpose of animal studies during the medication development process?
What is the significance of determining a medication's therapeutic index during the drug development process?
What is the significance of determining a medication's therapeutic index during the drug development process?
After the FDA designates a medication as an Investigational New Drug (IND), what is the next step in the medication development process?
After the FDA designates a medication as an Investigational New Drug (IND), what is the next step in the medication development process?
Why should abbreviations related to medications be used carefully?
Why should abbreviations related to medications be used carefully?
A new medication is being studied. Researchers find that in animal models, a dose of 50mg/kg is effective in treating a condition, but a dose of 500mg/kg is lethal. What is the therapeutic index of this medication in animals?
A new medication is being studied. Researchers find that in animal models, a dose of 50mg/kg is effective in treating a condition, but a dose of 500mg/kg is lethal. What is the therapeutic index of this medication in animals?
A patient arrives in the emergency department with a suspected overdose. Accessing which resource would MOST quickly provide detailed information about the specific drug and potential treatments?
A patient arrives in the emergency department with a suspected overdose. Accessing which resource would MOST quickly provide detailed information about the specific drug and potential treatments?
A certain medication is derived from both natural sources and synthetic processes in the laboratory. Which of the following medications aligns with this description?
A certain medication is derived from both natural sources and synthetic processes in the laboratory. Which of the following medications aligns with this description?
In prehospital care, what is the primary reason for EMS providers to have a strong understanding of commonly prescribed medication classes?
In prehospital care, what is the primary reason for EMS providers to have a strong understanding of commonly prescribed medication classes?
What is the initial step in testing a new medication, according to the FDA's guidelines?
What is the initial step in testing a new medication, according to the FDA's guidelines?
New research indicates a revolutionary drug can halt cancer but causes severe liver damage in 30% of test subjects. What is the MOST LIKELY regulatory outcome, based solely on the information provided?
New research indicates a revolutionary drug can halt cancer but causes severe liver damage in 30% of test subjects. What is the MOST LIKELY regulatory outcome, based solely on the information provided?
Why is standardization of drugs considered necessary by the federal government?
Why is standardization of drugs considered necessary by the federal government?
Which of the following scenarios violates the restrictions on Schedule II drug prescriptions as mandated by the Controlled Substances Act?
Which of the following scenarios violates the restrictions on Schedule II drug prescriptions as mandated by the Controlled Substances Act?
In the context of drug standards, what does bioavailability describe?
In the context of drug standards, what does bioavailability describe?
A physician wishes to prescribe a Schedule III drug. According to the Controlled Substances Act, what is the maximum number of refills allowed within a 6-month period?
A physician wishes to prescribe a Schedule III drug. According to the Controlled Substances Act, what is the maximum number of refills allowed within a 6-month period?
Why are unlabeled uses of medication not included in package inserts or discussed by pharmaceutical sales representatives?
Why are unlabeled uses of medication not included in package inserts or discussed by pharmaceutical sales representatives?
A new medication has just been developed. Which name is selected by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council?
A new medication has just been developed. Which name is selected by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council?
What does the symbol ® after a drug's trade name indicate?
What does the symbol ® after a drug's trade name indicate?
What is the core principle behind medical oversight in prehospital care?
What is the core principle behind medical oversight in prehospital care?
In Canada, which legislative act empowers the governor-in-council to prescribe drug standards?
In Canada, which legislative act empowers the governor-in-council to prescribe drug standards?
Which of the following best describes the role of a medical director in prehospital care?
Which of the following best describes the role of a medical director in prehospital care?
A physician prescribes a medication using its generic name. In a state where generic substitution is allowed, what is the pharmacist permitted to do?
A physician prescribes a medication using its generic name. In a state where generic substitution is allowed, what is the pharmacist permitted to do?
How does the Canadian Narcotic Control Act impact the prescribing of narcotic drugs?
How does the Canadian Narcotic Control Act impact the prescribing of narcotic drugs?
An EMS system discovers that its morphine supply has been compromised through tampering. What immediate action should be taken, according to guidelines for controlled substances?
An EMS system discovers that its morphine supply has been compromised through tampering. What immediate action should be taken, according to guidelines for controlled substances?
What is the potential medicolegal implication for a medical director in prehospital care?
What is the potential medicolegal implication for a medical director in prehospital care?
Which factor primarily explains why generic medications are typically less expensive than trade name medications?
Which factor primarily explains why generic medications are typically less expensive than trade name medications?
Medications such as thiazides and beta-blockers are grouped therapeutically as antihypertensives. Which statement best explains this classification?
Medications such as thiazides and beta-blockers are grouped therapeutically as antihypertensives. Which statement best explains this classification?
How does on-line medical control differ from off-line medical control?
How does on-line medical control differ from off-line medical control?
What requirements must be met for physicians to prescribe scheduled drugs in the United States?
What requirements must be met for physicians to prescribe scheduled drugs in the United States?
What is the primary purpose of Phase III clinical trials in the drug approval process?
What is the primary purpose of Phase III clinical trials in the drug approval process?
What is the role of standing orders or protocols in prehospital care?
What is the role of standing orders or protocols in prehospital care?
In the context of controlled substances, what action is most critical when a discrepancy is identified during routine counting?
In the context of controlled substances, what action is most critical when a discrepancy is identified during routine counting?
What is the primary concern regarding medication storage in EMS systems, as highlighted in the provided material?
What is the primary concern regarding medication storage in EMS systems, as highlighted in the provided material?
How does a 'double-blind' study design minimize bias in clinical trials?
How does a 'double-blind' study design minimize bias in clinical trials?
An assay is conducted to measure the purity of a chemical in a drug preparation. Where is this procedure performed?
An assay is conducted to measure the purity of a chemical in a drug preparation. Where is this procedure performed?
What factors are emphasized by treat-and-release protocols recently implemented by some EMS systems?
What factors are emphasized by treat-and-release protocols recently implemented by some EMS systems?
Which of the following drugs is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States due to its high abuse potential and lack of recognized medical use?
Which of the following drugs is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States due to its high abuse potential and lack of recognized medical use?
What is the significance of the letter 'N' appearing on labels and professional advertisements in Canada, according to the text?
What is the significance of the letter 'N' appearing on labels and professional advertisements in Canada, according to the text?
Which of the following is considered part of off-line medical control?
Which of the following is considered part of off-line medical control?
What does the term 'efficacy' refer to when evaluating a drug?
What does the term 'efficacy' refer to when evaluating a drug?
What action does the FDA take after Phase III trials of a new medication are completed?
What action does the FDA take after Phase III trials of a new medication are completed?
Which of the following is an example of a drug's chemical name?
Which of the following is an example of a drug's chemical name?
Why is ongoing education increasingly important in prehospital care?
Why is ongoing education increasingly important in prehospital care?
What is the primary focus of Phase IV testing of a newly approved medication?
What is the primary focus of Phase IV testing of a newly approved medication?
What action does the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) enforce concerning the prescription of controlled substances?
What action does the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) enforce concerning the prescription of controlled substances?
A medication is identified as 'Meperidine hydrochloride, USP'. What type of drug name is this?
A medication is identified as 'Meperidine hydrochloride, USP'. What type of drug name is this?
What is the primary purpose of routine medication inventory audits, particularly for controlled substances, in emergency medical services?
What is the primary purpose of routine medication inventory audits, particularly for controlled substances, in emergency medical services?
What is the significance of a 'black box' warning on a medication's labeling?
What is the significance of a 'black box' warning on a medication's labeling?
What contributes to medical control having the authority to discipline providers?
What contributes to medical control having the authority to discipline providers?
A pharmacy in Canada receives a prescription for a Schedule G drug. According to the information presented, what is the primary reason these drugs are controlled?
A pharmacy in Canada receives a prescription for a Schedule G drug. According to the information presented, what is the primary reason these drugs are controlled?
Which of the following best describes the role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
Which of the following best describes the role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)?
What is the role of a medical advisory board in some EMS systems?
What is the role of a medical advisory board in some EMS systems?
In an EMS system, which measure directly helps prevent the diversion or adulteration of controlled substances stored for immediate use?
In an EMS system, which measure directly helps prevent the diversion or adulteration of controlled substances stored for immediate use?
Under what circumstances might a medication receive 'expedited approval' from the FDA?
Under what circumstances might a medication receive 'expedited approval' from the FDA?
A medication log should contain specific information for each administration. Which of the following elements is typically recorded in this log?
A medication log should contain specific information for each administration. Which of the following elements is typically recorded in this log?
What distinguishes on-line medical control from off-line medical control in an EMS system?
What distinguishes on-line medical control from off-line medical control in an EMS system?
Two generically equivalent drug preparations contain the same amount of active chemical but may still have different therapeutic effects. What is the procedure to ascertain their bioequivalence?
Two generically equivalent drug preparations contain the same amount of active chemical but may still have different therapeutic effects. What is the procedure to ascertain their bioequivalence?
In Canada, under what circumstances can a drug be classified under the Nonprescription Drug Schedule (Group 3)?
In Canada, under what circumstances can a drug be classified under the Nonprescription Drug Schedule (Group 3)?
What is the significance of prehospital care providers acting under the medical license of a physician?
What is the significance of prehospital care providers acting under the medical license of a physician?
What is a key incentive provided by the Orphan Drug Act of 1983?
What is a key incentive provided by the Orphan Drug Act of 1983?
What does 'potency' of a drug refer to?
What does 'potency' of a drug refer to?
In the context of medical control, what does 'base' physician refer to?
In the context of medical control, what does 'base' physician refer to?
Why is it essential for paramedics to be familiar with commonly used emergency medications, terminology, and abbreviations?
Why is it essential for paramedics to be familiar with commonly used emergency medications, terminology, and abbreviations?
How do Schedule V drugs in the United States differ from Schedule II drugs in terms of prescription refills, according to the Controlled Substances Act?
How do Schedule V drugs in the United States differ from Schedule II drugs in terms of prescription refills, according to the Controlled Substances Act?
What challenges do manufacturers often face when developing orphan drugs?
What challenges do manufacturers often face when developing orphan drugs?
A doctor prescribes phenobarbital in the United States. Based on the provided information, in which schedule is phenobarbital categorized?
A doctor prescribes phenobarbital in the United States. Based on the provided information, in which schedule is phenobarbital categorized?
What does the term 'unlabeled use' of a medication refer to?
What does the term 'unlabeled use' of a medication refer to?
What determines acceptable limits of medication use in a society?
What determines acceptable limits of medication use in a society?
What is the significance of a 'black box warning' on a medication label?
What is the significance of a 'black box warning' on a medication label?
In pharmacology, what is the difference between a solute and a solvent?
In pharmacology, what is the difference between a solute and a solvent?
Why is post-market surveillance (Phase IV) crucial, even after a drug has been approved by the FDA?
Why is post-market surveillance (Phase IV) crucial, even after a drug has been approved by the FDA?
Which description aligns with the role of a medical director?
Which description aligns with the role of a medical director?
How did the Pure Food and Drug Act influence medication standards in United States?
How did the Pure Food and Drug Act influence medication standards in United States?
In the context of drug approval, what is the purpose of administering a placebo?
In the context of drug approval, what is the purpose of administering a placebo?
What is the primary goal of treatment protocols and standing orders in prehospital care?
What is the primary goal of treatment protocols and standing orders in prehospital care?
What does the FDA consider when determining if a medication benefits a specific segment of the population?
What does the FDA consider when determining if a medication benefits a specific segment of the population?
What does the term 'bioequivalence' refer to in the context of medications?
What does the term 'bioequivalence' refer to in the context of medications?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a crossover study design in clinical trials?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a crossover study design in clinical trials?
How did the FDA respond to manufacturer contentions concerning the antidepressant tranylcypromine (when it was withdrawn)?
How did the FDA respond to manufacturer contentions concerning the antidepressant tranylcypromine (when it was withdrawn)?
Which activity falls under the purview of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)?
Which activity falls under the purview of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)?
After a physician discovers that a medication approved for hypertension also decreases angina, what is the most appropriate course of action?
After a physician discovers that a medication approved for hypertension also decreases angina, what is the most appropriate course of action?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of a medication's 'mechanism of action'?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of a medication's 'mechanism of action'?
A medication is said to be contraindicated in a patient with a specific condition. What does this imply?
A medication is said to be contraindicated in a patient with a specific condition. What does this imply?
Which section of a medication profile contains information about how the drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated by the body, including its onset and duration of action?
Which section of a medication profile contains information about how the drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated by the body, including its onset and duration of action?
Why is knowledge of medication classifications essential for paramedics?
Why is knowledge of medication classifications essential for paramedics?
Which of the following BEST describes the difference between a medication indication and a contraindication?
Which of the following BEST describes the difference between a medication indication and a contraindication?
Which of the following medication forms typically has the slowest onset of effect?
Which of the following medication forms typically has the slowest onset of effect?
What is the PRIMARY advantage of using prefilled syringes in emergency medical care?
What is the PRIMARY advantage of using prefilled syringes in emergency medical care?
Why must parenteral medications be sterile?
Why must parenteral medications be sterile?
A solution is a type of liquid medication. What differentiates a solution from a suspension?
A solution is a type of liquid medication. What differentiates a solution from a suspension?
Before administering a suspension, why is it important to shake the container well?
Before administering a suspension, why is it important to shake the container well?
Which liquid medication preparation uses alcohol to chemically extract the medication?
Which liquid medication preparation uses alcohol to chemically extract the medication?
A vial is sealed with a rubber diaphragm. What is the PRIMARY purpose of this?
A vial is sealed with a rubber diaphragm. What is the PRIMARY purpose of this?
Nitroglycerin can be administered sublingually (under the tongue) or as a topical ointment. What is the MOST significant difference between these two routes of administration?
Nitroglycerin can be administered sublingually (under the tongue) or as a topical ointment. What is the MOST significant difference between these two routes of administration?
Which of the following liquid medication preparations is MOST likely to contain cherry flavoring?
Which of the following liquid medication preparations is MOST likely to contain cherry flavoring?
What is the solute in a liquid medication?
What is the solute in a liquid medication?
What is the primary distinction between multi-dose and single-dose vials concerning their composition?
What is the primary distinction between multi-dose and single-dose vials concerning their composition?
How are medications like salbutamol and ipratropium bromide typically administered, and why is this route chosen?
How are medications like salbutamol and ipratropium bromide typically administered, and why is this route chosen?
Why might a medication be formulated as a suppository rather than an oral tablet?
Why might a medication be formulated as a suppository rather than an oral tablet?
How do inhalants facilitate rapid absorption of medication into the bloodstream?
How do inhalants facilitate rapid absorption of medication into the bloodstream?
What distinguishes an 'adverse effect' from a 'side effect' of a medication?
What distinguishes an 'adverse effect' from a 'side effect' of a medication?
What does the term 'antagonism' refer to in the context of pharmacology?
What does the term 'antagonism' refer to in the context of pharmacology?
In what scenario would giving a medication as a 'bolus' dose be most appropriate?
In what scenario would giving a medication as a 'bolus' dose be most appropriate?
What is the significance of understanding contraindications for a given medication?
What is the significance of understanding contraindications for a given medication?
How does 'cumulative action' of a medication typically occur, and what is its effect on the patient?
How does 'cumulative action' of a medication typically occur, and what is its effect on the patient?
Differentiate between 'habituation' and 'tolerance' in the context of long-term medication use.
Differentiate between 'habituation' and 'tolerance' in the context of long-term medication use.
What is the key characteristic of an 'idiosyncratic' reaction to a medication?
What is the key characteristic of an 'idiosyncratic' reaction to a medication?
What does 'potentiation' describe in pharmacology, and how does it affect the action of medications?
What does 'potentiation' describe in pharmacology, and how does it affect the action of medications?
What does it mean if a patient is described as 'refractory' to a particular medication?
What does it mean if a patient is described as 'refractory' to a particular medication?
How does 'synergism' differ from 'potentiation' in the context of combined medication effects?
How does 'synergism' differ from 'potentiation' in the context of combined medication effects?
What is the significance of the Field Training Officer (FTO) inspecting controlled substances with Rachel during her orientation?
What is the significance of the Field Training Officer (FTO) inspecting controlled substances with Rachel during her orientation?
Flashcards
Early medicine
Early medicine
Using herbs/minerals for medical disorders, dating back to ancient Egypt.
Hippocrates
Hippocrates
Father of modern medicine; wrote extensively on drug use, but rarely used them.
Purple Foxglove
Purple Foxglove
A common additive to early medications, first described in 1250 AD; contains digitalis.
William Withering
William Withering
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Digitalis glycosides
Digitalis glycosides
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Vaccination (early)
Vaccination (early)
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Atropine, Chloroform...
Atropine, Chloroform...
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17th/18th Century
17th/18th Century
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Laboratory-Produced Medications
Laboratory-Produced Medications
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA Technology
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Synthetically Derived Medications
Synthetically Derived Medications
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Multiple Medication Information Sources
Multiple Medication Information Sources
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EMS Medication Guides
EMS Medication Guides
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FDA Medication Approval Process
FDA Medication Approval Process
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
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Therapeutic Index
Therapeutic Index
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Investigational New Drug (IND)
Investigational New Drug (IND)
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Abbreviations in Pharmacology
Abbreviations in Pharmacology
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Pharmacopoeia
Pharmacopoeia
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Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
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United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
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Medication Research
Medication Research
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Compendia
Compendia
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Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy
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Synthetic Medication Sources
Synthetic Medication Sources
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Plant-Based Medications
Plant-Based Medications
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Active component
Active component
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Alkaloids
Alkaloids
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Atropine
Atropine
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Morphine
Morphine
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Animal-Based Medications
Animal-Based Medications
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Insulin
Insulin
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin
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Cod-liver oil
Cod-liver oil
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Mineral-Based Medications
Mineral-Based Medications
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Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
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Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)
Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)
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Vaccines
Vaccines
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Unlabeled Use
Unlabeled Use
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Medical Oversight
Medical Oversight
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Medical Director
Medical Director
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Medical Director Responsibilities
Medical Director Responsibilities
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Medical Control
Medical Control
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On-Line Medical Control
On-Line Medical Control
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Base Physician
Base Physician
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Off-Line Medical Control
Off-Line Medical Control
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Off-Line Protocols Include:
Off-Line Protocols Include:
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Medical Protocols
Medical Protocols
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Standing Orders
Standing Orders
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Protocols focus on:
Protocols focus on:
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Treat and Release
Treat and Release
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Medication Regulations
Medication Regulations
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Treatments Ordered By
Treatments Ordered By
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ACh (Acetylcholine)
ACh (Acetylcholine)
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ACLS
ACLS
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ACS (Acute Coronary Syndrome)
ACS (Acute Coronary Syndrome)
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APAP
APAP
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ASA (Aspirin)
ASA (Aspirin)
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COPD
COPD
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EtCO2 (End-tidal CO2)
EtCO2 (End-tidal CO2)
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ETOH (Ethyl Alcohol)
ETOH (Ethyl Alcohol)
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GCS (Glasgow Coma Score)
GCS (Glasgow Coma Score)
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HHN (Handheld Nebulizer)
HHN (Handheld Nebulizer)
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HPI
HPI
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LR (Lactated Ringer’s)
LR (Lactated Ringer’s)
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MDI
MDI
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NPO
NPO
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NS (Normal Saline)
NS (Normal Saline)
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WHO's role in drug control
WHO's role in drug control
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Drug testing phases
Drug testing phases
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FDA's role
FDA's role
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Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
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USP and NF
USP and NF
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
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Kefauver Harris Amendment (1962)
Kefauver Harris Amendment (1962)
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Harrison Narcotic Act
Harrison Narcotic Act
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Controlled Substances Act of 1970
Controlled Substances Act of 1970
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Schedule I Drugs (Controlled)
Schedule I Drugs (Controlled)
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Phase III Testing
Phase III Testing
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Placebo
Placebo
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Double-blind Study
Double-blind Study
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Crossover Study
Crossover Study
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Phase IV Testing
Phase IV Testing
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New Drug Application (NDA)
New Drug Application (NDA)
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Expedited Medication Approval
Expedited Medication Approval
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Orphan Drugs
Orphan Drugs
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Orphan Drug Act
Orphan Drug Act
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Black Box Warning
Black Box Warning
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Unlabeled Uses of Medications
Unlabeled Uses of Medications
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FDA Approval
FDA Approval
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Post-Market Surveillance
Post-Market Surveillance
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Therapeutic Medication Reports
Therapeutic Medication Reports
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Labeled Indications
Labeled Indications
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Schedule I Drugs (US)
Schedule I Drugs (US)
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Schedule II Drugs (US)
Schedule II Drugs (US)
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Schedule III Drugs (US)
Schedule III Drugs (US)
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Schedule IV Drugs (US)
Schedule IV Drugs (US)
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Schedule V Drugs (US)
Schedule V Drugs (US)
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Schedule H Drugs (Canada)
Schedule H Drugs (Canada)
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Narcotics Schedule (Canada)
Narcotics Schedule (Canada)
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Schedule G Drugs (Canada)
Schedule G Drugs (Canada)
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Schedule F Drugs (Canada)
Schedule F Drugs (Canada)
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Nonprescription Drug Schedule (Group 3) - Canada
Nonprescription Drug Schedule (Group 3) - Canada
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Controlled Substances Act (US)
Controlled Substances Act (US)
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Food and Drug Act (Canada)
Food and Drug Act (Canada)
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Canadian Narcotic Control Act
Canadian Narcotic Control Act
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Schedule II refills
Schedule II refills
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Controlled Substance Storage
Controlled Substance Storage
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Medication Administration Log
Medication Administration Log
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Controlled Substance Handling
Controlled Substance Handling
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Drug Standards
Drug Standards
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Assay
Assay
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Bioassay
Bioassay
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Purity (Drug)
Purity (Drug)
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Bioavailability
Bioavailability
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Potency (Drug)
Potency (Drug)
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Efficacy (Drug)
Efficacy (Drug)
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Safety and Toxicity (Drugs)
Safety and Toxicity (Drugs)
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Chemical Name (Drug)
Chemical Name (Drug)
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Generic Name (Drug)
Generic Name (Drug)
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Trade Name (Drug)
Trade Name (Drug)
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Pharmacological Class
Pharmacological Class
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Adulteration
Adulteration
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Ampule
Ampule
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Bioequivalence
Bioequivalence
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Controlled Substances
Controlled Substances
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Diversion
Diversion
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Drug
Drug
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Parenteral Medications
Parenteral Medications
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Medication Profile
Medication Profile
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Medication Classification
Medication Classification
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Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Action
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Indications
Indications
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Side Effects / Adverse Reactions
Side Effects / Adverse Reactions
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Routes of Administration
Routes of Administration
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Contraindications
Contraindications
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Dosage
Dosage
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How Supplied
How Supplied
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Special Considerations
Special Considerations
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Unit-Dose Form
Unit-Dose Form
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Bulk Form
Bulk Form
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Solutions (Medication Form)
Solutions (Medication Form)
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Tinctures
Tinctures
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Multidose Vials
Multidose Vials
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Single-Dose Vials
Single-Dose Vials
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Nebules
Nebules
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Powders (Medication)
Powders (Medication)
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Capsules
Capsules
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Tablets
Tablets
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Suppositories
Suppositories
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Inhalants
Inhalants
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Adverse Effect
Adverse Effect
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Antagonism (Medication)
Antagonism (Medication)
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Bolus
Bolus
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Cumulative Action
Cumulative Action
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Habituation
Habituation
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Therapeutic Action
Therapeutic Action
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