Duterte's Drug War and Argument Fallacies

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Questions and Answers

What logical fallacy occurs when a sequence of events is mistakenly interpreted as causal?

False Cause and Effect (correct)

Appeal to the Popular

Framing

Fallacy of Composition

Which fallacy assumes that what is true for one part is true for the whole?

Fallacy of Composition and Division (correct)

Biases

Framing

Appeal to the Popular

What is an example of framing in the context of presenting information?

Assuming all members of a group behave in the same manner.

Noting the positive aspects of a surgery while neglecting the risks. (correct)

Claiming a law is effective based solely on popular belief.

Focusing on an individual activist's actions to generalize about all activists.

Which fallacy involves concluding that a claim is accurate simply because many people believe it?

Appeal to the Popular Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning is most affected by personal biases?

Subjective reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition is the statement 'If it rains, then the ground will be wet' false?

It rains, and the ground is not wet. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a disjunction?

True if at least one statement is true. Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for a biconditional statement to be true?

Both statements are true or both are false. Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating the truth value of the disjunction 'I will cook adobo or sinigang', which of the following scenarios makes it false?

I do not cook adobo or sinigang. Signup and view all the answers

In the context provided, which statement exemplifies a conditional statement?

If it rains, then the ground will be wet. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Empiricism from Rationalism in terms of knowledge acquisition?

Knowledge is derived from logic and reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is related to the idea of beauty being linked to life?

Friedrich Nietzsche Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern of Ethics as presented in the content?

The nature of values, principles, and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a logical fallacy of ambiguity?

Having more than one meaning. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Moral Authority' imply in the context of Ethics?

It refers to the blind acceptance of a principle or ideology. Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the concept of Logic as discussed?

The examination of sound reasoning and valid propositions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the philosophical statement 'Change is a permanent aspect of the human condition' relate to?

Heraclitus' perspective on existence. Signup and view all the answers

Which fallacy involves appealing to emotions rather than logic in an argument?

Appeal to Emotions Signup and view all the answers

What does the pragmatism theory suggest about truth?

Truth depends on its workability for individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies a normative statement?

Students should study regularly to perform well. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what would make a claim false under pragmatism?

It does not work for an individual. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following philosophers is NOT an expounder of pragmatism theory?

Friedrich Nietzsche Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of statements based on personal belief according to the content?

They express personal feelings and opinions. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pragmatism, what defines a belief as being true for an individual?

It provides personal benefit. Signup and view all the answers

Why might one person find a specific diet helpful while another may not, under pragmatism theory?

Personal experiences can vary widely. Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement 'Jobu is not a mammal' represent in terms of pragmatism?

A subjective belief that can be contested. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does the Argument from Ignorance rely on?

A lack of evidence to the contrary Signup and view all the answers

What did Diogenes of Sinope advocate for?

Living simply and virtuously Signup and view all the answers

What is a central tenet of Epicureanism?

Philosophy brings happiness by eliminating fear and pain Signup and view all the answers

What does the Socratic method involve?

Debating to find logical contradictions Signup and view all the answers

What is Plato’s theory of forms primarily concerned with?

The existence of abstract concepts beyond physical manifestations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following thinkers is known for contributions to ethics and critiquing intellectuals?

Socrates Signup and view all the answers

What does the dialectic method primarily aim to achieve?

To reach an absolute truth through structured dialogue Signup and view all the answers

Archimedes is primarily known for his contributions to which fields?

Mathematics and physics Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Logical Fallacies

False Cause and Effect: Assumes a sequential relationship implies causation, e.g., crime rate reduction post-martial law suggests its effectiveness.
Appeal to the Popular: Claims a proposition is true based on widespread belief, e.g., belief in Quiboloy as the appointed Son of God.
Fallacy of Composition and Division:
- Composition: Assuming what’s true for one part is true for the whole, e.g., viewing all activists as violent based on one protest.
- Division: Assuming what’s true for the whole applies to one part, e.g., a peaceful activist represents all protesters.

Framing and Biases

Framing: Highlighting one aspect of an issue while ignoring others, e.g., emphasizing a surgery's 90% survival rate without mentioning mortality.
Biases: Personal tendencies affecting views; cannot be completely avoided.

Conditional and Disjunction Statements

A conditional statement (p→q) relates two events where the truth of one event implies the truth of another, e.g., “If it rains, then the ground will be wet.”
A disjunction (pvq) presents mutually exclusive options, true if at least one option holds.

Biconditional Statements

Biconditional: True if both statements are either true or false, indicated by ⟺.

Important Philosophical Concepts

Man: A term encompassing the entire human race.
Posteriori: Knowledge acquired through experience.
Empiricism: Knowledge obtained through sense experience.
Rationalism: Knowledge derived from logic and reason.

Ethical Philosophy

Ethics: Study of values, principles, and guidelines for right and wrong.
Moral Authority: Acceptance of an ideology or principle without questioning its validity.

Logic Elements

Logic studies valid reasoning, with key components including consistency, soundness, and completeness.

Notable Ancient Greek Philosophers

Pythagoras: Mathematician known for the Pythagorean theorem and communal learning in religion.
Heraclitus: Focused on change as a constant and the concept of logos.
Democritus: Introduced atoms as the basic components of matter.
Diogenes of Sinope: Advocated for simple living and the practice of virtue.
Epicurus: Philosophy aimed at achieving happiness and a life free from fear and pain.
Socrates: Critiqued intellectualism; emphasized ethics and virtue through the Socratic method.
Plato: Student of Socrates; proposed the ideal governance by wisdom and reason.

Truth and Propositions

Truth: Central to philosophical inquiries; often debated.
Propositions: Statements about reality that may or may not be true based on observational consistency.

Pragmatism Theory

Advocated by Peirce, James, and Dewey; suggests truth is based on practical outcomes and workability rather than absolutes.
Normative statements express subjective beliefs about what should happen, e.g., advocating for free healthcare represents a personal belief.

Conclusion

Conclusions are formed based on a compilation of specific judgments derived from presented statements and propositions.

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Description

Explore the complexities of the arguments surrounding Duterte's drug war and the logical fallacies often encountered in discussions about it. This quiz tests your understanding of cause-and-effect reasoning and appeal to popularity. Gain insights into how these arguments influence public perception and policy.