Drugs for Upper Respiratory Tract Conditions
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary pharmacodynamic effect of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

  • Decrease myocardial oxygen demand
  • Increase sodium and water retention
  • Inhibit calcium ion movement
  • Block Angiotensin II receptors (correct)

What nursing consideration is critical when administering Calcium Channel Blockers?

  • Ensure the patient avoids grapefruit juice (correct)
  • Avoid administering on an empty stomach
  • Administer with potassium supplements
  • Monitor for renal function

What is the primary pharmacodynamic action of nitrates?

  • Block sodium channels
  • Increase myocardial oxygen demand
  • Relax vascular smooth muscle (correct)
  • Decrease intracellular calcium

Which of the following drugs is classified as a Beta Blocker?

<p>Metoprolol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antiarrhythmic drug class primarily blocks sodium channels?

<p>Class I (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant nursing consideration for patients taking Diuretics?

<p>Monitor electrolytes, dehydration, and blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with Vasodilators?

<p>Reflex tachycardia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing consideration is crucial when administering Ranolazine?

<p>Avoid grapefruit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which beta-blocker action primarily reduces myocardial oxygen demand?

<p>Decreasing heart rate and contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential parameter should be monitored when using Renin Inhibitors?

<p>Potassium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT an indication for Beta Blockers?

<p>Severe hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing consideration for Class III antiarrhythmics?

<p>Monitor for pulmonary and hepatic toxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic can be used to remember the pharmacological effect of ARBs?

<p>ARBs Avoid Receptor Binding for BP control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanisms do Calcium Channel Blockers utilize in the treatment of arrhythmias?

<p>Block calcium channels and slow conduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary indication for Digoxin?

<p>Heart failure and arrhythmias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pharmacodynamic effect is associated with Amiodarone?

<p>Prolong repolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gastrin in the digestive system?

<p>Stimulates the production of gastric juice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the function of histamine 2 receptors?

<p>Bind to histamine to stimulate stomach acid production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Cyclic contraction of smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from putrefaction in the colon?

<p>Production of gases such as methane and hydrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of the upper gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of the nervous plexus?

<p>Promotes parasympathetic stimulation of digestive activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is primarily associated with the expulsion of food from the stomach?

<p>Vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cAMP in pharmacodynamics related to muscle contraction?

<p>Increases intracellular calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with the large intestine?

<p>Absorption of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does carbohydrate digestion initially begin?

<p>Mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the vomiting reflex?

<p>Chemoreceptor trigger zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ in the digestive system?

<p>Large intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for protein digestion starting in the stomach?

<p>Pepsin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the gall bladder play in digestion?

<p>Stores and concentrates bile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex stimulates the intestines following stomach stretching?

<p>Gastroenteric reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes fat digestion?

<p>Starts and finishes in the small intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of histamine 2 receptor antagonists like Ranitidine?

<p>Block histamine receptors to reduce HCl secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing consideration is important when administering anti-emetics?

<p>Monitoring for CNS effects like dizziness or drowsiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of proton pump inhibitors like Omeprazole?

<p>Respiratory symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of anti-peptic drugs like Sucralfate?

<p>Coat the stomach lining to protect from acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of laxatives such as Bisacodyl?

<p>Stimulate peristalsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing consideration is crucial for patients taking antacids?

<p>Providing education on timing with other medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with opioids used for gastrointestinal issues?

<p>Addiction risks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter should be monitored to prevent complications from GI medications?

<p>Electrolyte imbalances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bulk-forming agents in gastrointestinal treatments?

<p>Increase stool bulk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is used to suppress the vomiting center in the brain?

<p>Phenothiazines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with H2 blockers, such as Ranitidine?

<p>Diarrhea or constipation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anti-diarrheal agent works by decreasing peristalsis in the colon?

<p>Loperamide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial nursing consideration should be taken when administering antacids?

<p>Monitor kidney function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism do 5-HT3 receptor blockers primarily utilize?

<p>Blocking signals from the gut (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is indicated for patients experiencing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

<p>Magnesium hydroxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do opium derivatives have on gastrointestinal motility?

<p>Block nerve impulses and reduce peristalsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ACE Inhibitors

Lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.

ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers)

Lower blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors, preventing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Lower blood pressure by preventing calcium from entering cells in blood vessels, causing vasodilation and reducing workload on the heart.

Beta Blockers

Lower blood pressure by slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of heart contractions.

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Vasodilators

Lower blood pressure by directly relaxing blood vessels, increasing blood flow.

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Diuretics

Lower blood pressure by increasing the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys, reducing blood volume.

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Renin Inhibitor

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the enzyme renin, which is part of the pathway that raises blood pressure.

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Nursing Considerations (General)

In all blood pressure medications, monitor blood pressure, and other vital signs.

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Nitrates

Relax vascular smooth muscle, reducing myocardial oxygen demand.

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Beta-Blockers (Angina)

Slow heart rate and contractility, reducing myocardial oxygen demand.

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Calcium Channel Blockers (Angina)

Relieve vasospasm, improving oxygen supply to the heart.

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Ranolazine

Reduces myocardial workload, treating chronic angina (mechanism unknown).

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Class I Antiarrhythmics

Block sodium channels, reducing depolarization and automaticity.

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Amiodarone (Class III)

Prolongs repolarization, reducing life-threatening arrhythmias.

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Digoxin (Cardiac Glycoside)

Increases intracellular calcium, strengthening heart contractions; reduces heart rate.

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Milrinone (Phosphodiesterase)

Inhibits an enzyme, improving heart function in heart failure.

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Pharmacodynamics of Milrinone

Increases cAMP, which leads to increased calcium, resulting in stronger heart muscle contractions.

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Milrinone Indications

Short-term management of heart failure.

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Gastrin Function

Stimulates the production of gastric juice (stomach acid).

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H2 Receptors Function

Bind to histamine and stimulate acid production in the stomach.

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Local Gastric Reflexes Function

Generate impulses leading to peristalsis (food movement in the digestive tract).

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Nervous Plexus Function

Parasympathetic = stimulates digestion, Sympathetic = slows digestion

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Putrefaction Definition

Bacteria in the colon break down fecal material, producing gases.

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Vomiting Function

Expels ingested food from the stomach, triggered by various stimuli.

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Large Intestine Function

Absorbs water, synthesizes Vitamin K, and breaks down fecal material (fermentation).

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Lower GIT Function

The part of the digestive tract responsible for water absorption and defecation.

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Carbohydrate Digestion Start

Begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starch.

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Protein Digestion Start

Starts in the stomach with pepsin, activated by stomach acid.

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Fat Digestion Location

Starts and finishes in the small intestine using bile and pancreatic enzymes.

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Gastroenteric Reflex

Stomach stretching triggers intestinal activity.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System Effect

Stimulates digestive function (digestion & movement).

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Sympathetic Nervous System Effect

Inhibits digestive function.

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Bismuth subsalicylate

A medication that coats and protects the stomach lining, often used to treat diarrhea.

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Opium derivatives

Drugs (like Diphenoxylate with atropine) that slow down bowel movements but can be addictive.

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Phenothiazines (e.g., Prochlorperazine)

Anti-emetic drugs that block signals in the brain that cause vomiting.

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Non-phenothiazine anti-emetics (e.g., Metoclopramide)

These drugs reduce how sensitive the brain is to nausea and vomiting.

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5-HT3 Receptor Blockers (e.g., Ondansetron)

These drugs block serotonin receptors, reducing nausea and vomiting.

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Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonists (e.g., Ranitidine)

These drugs block histamine receptors in the stomach, reducing acid production.

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Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) (e.g., Omeprazole)

These drugs block a specific pump that produces acid in the stomach, reducing acid production.

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Laxatives

Drugs that stimulate bowel movements to relieve constipation.

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Bulk-forming Laxatives

Increase stool bulk by absorbing water in the gut, making it easier to pass.

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Lubricant Laxatives

Soften stool by coating it with a slippery layer, aiding in movement.

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Loperamide

Decreases intestinal movement by slowing down muscle contractions.

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Nonphenothiazines (e.g., Metoclopramide)

Block the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) response in the brain, preventing nausea.

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Anticholinergics/Antihistamines (e.g., Meclizine)

Block signals to the CTZ, useful for vomiting triggered by dizziness or vertigo.

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Study Notes

Drugs for Upper Respiratory Tract Conditions

  • Antihistamines (Treat Allergies):

    • First-generation (Sedating): Chlorphenamine, Diphenhydramine
      • Cross the blood-brain barrier → Cause drowsiness
      • Used for runny nose, sneezing, and allergic reactions
    • Second-generation (Non-Sedating): Claritin, Cetirizine
      • Do not cross the blood-brain barrier → Less likely to cause drowsiness
      • Preferred for daytime allergy relief
    • Mnemonic: First-gen: "Drowsy Diphenhydramine Dreams." Second-gen: "Clear with Claritin."

  • Drugs for Common Colds (Nasal Decongestion):

    • Phenylephrine: Constricts blood vessels in nasal passages → Reduces swelling and congestion
    • Caution: Prolonged use may cause rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa)
    • Mnemonic: "Phenylephrine Fights Flared Nostrils."

  • Cough Drugs:

    • Expectorants (Thin mucus): Guaifenesin
      • Loosens mucus, making it easier to cough up
    • Antitussives (Cough Suppressants):
      • Non-narcotic: Dextromethorphan, Butamirate → Suppress cough reflex without addiction
      • Narcotic: Codeine → Stronger but risk of dependency

Drugs for Lower Respiratory Tract Conditions

  • Bronchodilators (Relieve Airway Constriction):

    • Xanthine Derivatives: Aminophylline (theophylline derivative)
      • Therapeutic range: 10-20 mcg/mL
      • Signs of toxicity:
        • Nausea (>20 mcg/mL)
        • Tremor (>35 mcg/mL)
    • Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators:
      • Short-acting (SABA): Albuterol → Rapid relief (onset: 20 min, lasts 4-6 hrs)
      • Long-acting (LABA): Terbutaline → Preventative (lasts 12 hrs)
    • Anticholinergic Bronchodilators: Ipratropium Bromide
      • Reduces airway constriction by blocking parasympathetic signals
    • Mnemonic: "X, S, A for Airways" → Xanthine, Sympathomimetic, Anticholinergic.

  • Steroids (Control Inflammation):

    • Examples: Beclomethasone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone
    • Key Considerations:
      • Use bronchodilators first, then steroids (to open airways for steroid absorption)
      • Rinse mouth after inhalation (to prevent oral thrush)
      • Never abruptly stop steroids → Always taper off.

Anti-Asthma Drugs

  • Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists: Montelukast
    • Reduces inflammation and airway constriction caused by leukotrienes
    • Used for long-term asthma control
  • Mast Cell Stabilizers: Cromolyn Sodium
    • Prevent histamine release from mast cells
    • Used as a preventative measure in asthma
    • Mnemonic: "Montelukast & Mast Cell Stabilizers Manage Asthma."

Nursing Considerations for Respiratory Drugs

  • Teach breathing and coughing techniques to clear secretions
  • Encourage hydration (8+ glasses/day) to loosen mucus
  • Positioning: Upright for easier breathing
  • Monitor vital signs (BP and HR, especially with bronchodilators)
  • Encourage smoking cessation to improve drug effectiveness

Quick Memory Tips

  • ABCD for Bronchodilators:
    • A: Aminophylline (Xanthine)
    • B: Bronchodilators (SABA/LABA, Anticholinergic)
    • C: Corticosteroids
    • D: Drugs for cough (Expectorants/Antitussives)
  • PEMM for Mucus Management:
    • P: Phenylephrine (Decongestant)
    • E: Expectorants (Guaifenesin)
    • M: Mucolytics (Carbocisteine)
    • M: Mast cell stabilizers (Cromolyn Sodium)

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Respiratory Drugs Explained - PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on various drugs used to treat upper respiratory tract conditions, including antihistamines and nasal decongestants. Gain knowledge on the differences between first-generation and second-generation antihistamines, as well as common cold medications. Test your understanding of these important pharmacological concepts!

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