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Questions and Answers
Which antiseizure drug intensifies the effect of GABA by slowing the firing of neurons?
Which antiseizure drug intensifies the effect of GABA by slowing the firing of neurons?
Which of the following antiseizure drugs binds to GABA receptors and suppresses abnormal neuronal foci that may cause seizures?
Which of the following antiseizure drugs binds to GABA receptors and suppresses abnormal neuronal foci that may cause seizures?
Which antiseizure drug is structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA and suppresses abnormal firing of neurons?
Which antiseizure drug is structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA and suppresses abnormal firing of neurons?
Which of the following antiseizure drugs desensitizes sodium channels and prevents the spread of disruptive electrical charges that produce seizures?
Which of the following antiseizure drugs desensitizes sodium channels and prevents the spread of disruptive electrical charges that produce seizures?
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Which antiseizure drug is used for status epilepticus and binds to GABA receptors to suppress abnormal neuronal foci that may cause seizures?
Which antiseizure drug is used for status epilepticus and binds to GABA receptors to suppress abnormal neuronal foci that may cause seizures?
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Which of the following antiseizure drugs has a therapeutic class of sedative and antiseizure drug?
Which of the following antiseizure drugs has a therapeutic class of sedative and antiseizure drug?
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Which antiseizure drug is a prototype of hydantoins and related drugs and blocks sodium channels?
Which antiseizure drug is a prototype of hydantoins and related drugs and blocks sodium channels?
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Which of the following antiseizure drugs has a pregnancy category of D?
Which of the following antiseizure drugs has a pregnancy category of D?
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Which antiseizure drug is used for partial, absence, and tonic-clonic seizures and stabilizes neuronal membranes by inhibiting sodium transport?
Which antiseizure drug is used for partial, absence, and tonic-clonic seizures and stabilizes neuronal membranes by inhibiting sodium transport?
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Which antiseizure drug is used for adjunctive therapy for partial seizures and affects the threshold of neuronal firing by delayed depolarization of the neuron?
Which antiseizure drug is used for adjunctive therapy for partial seizures and affects the threshold of neuronal firing by delayed depolarization of the neuron?
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Which medication is used to treat hypothyroidism?
Which medication is used to treat hypothyroidism?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Propylthiouracil?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Propylthiouracil?
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What is a common adverse effect of radioactive iodine therapy?
What is a common adverse effect of radioactive iodine therapy?
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Which medication is used to treat type 1 diabetes?
Which medication is used to treat type 1 diabetes?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin?
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Which medication is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor?
Which medication is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor?
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What is a common adverse effect of Thiazolidinediones?
What is a common adverse effect of Thiazolidinediones?
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Which medication is an incretin enhancer?
Which medication is an incretin enhancer?
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What is a common adverse effect of corticosteroids?
What is a common adverse effect of corticosteroids?
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Which medication is a mineralocorticoid?
Which medication is a mineralocorticoid?
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What is the mechanism of action of Timolol?
What is the mechanism of action of Timolol?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of Brimonidine?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of Brimonidine?
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What is the contraindication for using Alpha-adrenergic agonists like Brimonidine?
What is the contraindication for using Alpha-adrenergic agonists like Brimonidine?
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Which condition is a contraindication for using Timolol?
Which condition is a contraindication for using Timolol?
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What is the primary adverse effect of Osmotic diuretics like Mannitol?
What is the primary adverse effect of Osmotic diuretics like Mannitol?
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How does Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor like Dorzolamide act in glaucoma treatment?
How does Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor like Dorzolamide act in glaucoma treatment?
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What is the primary nursing consideration for administering Brimonidine?
What is the primary nursing consideration for administering Brimonidine?
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When should the use of Beta-adrenergic blockers be avoided?
When should the use of Beta-adrenergic blockers be avoided?
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Which drug class makes the plasma hypertonic and rapidly reduces plasma volume?
Which drug class makes the plasma hypertonic and rapidly reduces plasma volume?
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What is the primary action of Alpha-adrenergic agonists in the eye?
What is the primary action of Alpha-adrenergic agonists in the eye?
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Which drug prototype blocks the effect of acetylcholine and inhibits its over-activity?
Which drug prototype blocks the effect of acetylcholine and inhibits its over-activity?
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What is the goal of cholinesterase inhibitors?
What is the goal of cholinesterase inhibitors?
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Which drug prototype reduces high levels of glutamate?
Which drug prototype reduces high levels of glutamate?
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What is the primary adverse effect associated with Levodopa administration?
What is the primary adverse effect associated with Levodopa administration?
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Which drug should be administered no later than noon due to interactions with tyramine-containing foods?
Which drug should be administered no later than noon due to interactions with tyramine-containing foods?
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Which drug may result in anticholinergic side effects such as sedation and drowsiness?
Which drug may result in anticholinergic side effects such as sedation and drowsiness?
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In what condition is Latanoprost contraindicated?
In what condition is Latanoprost contraindicated?
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Which drug prototype is used mainly for the prevention of absent seizures?
Which drug prototype is used mainly for the prevention of absent seizures?
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What is the mechanism of action of Pramipexole?
What is the mechanism of action of Pramipexole?
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Which drug has the potential to delay the accumulation of physical disability?
Which drug has the potential to delay the accumulation of physical disability?
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Which antiseizure drug decreases neuronal activity by desensitizing sodium channels and is used for all types of seizures except absent seizures?
Which antiseizure drug decreases neuronal activity by desensitizing sodium channels and is used for all types of seizures except absent seizures?
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What is the common adverse effect associated with the use of Benzodiazepines like Diazepam?
What is the common adverse effect associated with the use of Benzodiazepines like Diazepam?
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Which antiseizure drug is structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA and suppresses abnormal firing of neurons?
Which antiseizure drug is structurally related to the neurotransmitter GABA and suppresses abnormal firing of neurons?
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What is the pharmacologic class of Carbamazepine?
What is the pharmacologic class of Carbamazepine?
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Which antiseizure drug enhances the activity of GABA and is used to treat partial, absence, and tonic-clonic seizures?
Which antiseizure drug enhances the activity of GABA and is used to treat partial, absence, and tonic-clonic seizures?
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What is the primary adverse effect of Valproic acid administration?
What is the primary adverse effect of Valproic acid administration?
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Which drug is an anticonvulsant prototype that delays depolarization and decreases neuronal activity?
Which drug is an anticonvulsant prototype that delays depolarization and decreases neuronal activity?
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Which antiseizure drug class has a low safety margin, poses a risk for abuse, and slows abnormal firing of neurons?
Which antiseizure drug class has a low safety margin, poses a risk for abuse, and slows abnormal firing of neurons?
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What is a potential adverse effect associated with the use of Levetiracetam?
What is a potential adverse effect associated with the use of Levetiracetam?
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Which antiseizure drug binds to GABA receptors and is used for status epilepticus?
Which antiseizure drug binds to GABA receptors and is used for status epilepticus?
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What is the main mechanism of action of Beta-adrenergic blockers like Timolol?
What is the main mechanism of action of Beta-adrenergic blockers like Timolol?
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What is the primary adverse effect of Alpha-adrenergic agonists like Brimonidine?
What is the primary adverse effect of Alpha-adrenergic agonists like Brimonidine?
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Which type of medication is used as a second-line treatment for glaucoma?
Which type of medication is used as a second-line treatment for glaucoma?
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What is the main effect of Osmotic diuretics like Mannitol?
What is the main effect of Osmotic diuretics like Mannitol?
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Why should Beta-adrenergic blockers like Timolol be avoided in certain patients?
Why should Beta-adrenergic blockers like Timolol be avoided in certain patients?
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What is the primary nursing consideration for administering Alpha-adrenergic agonists like Brimonidine?
What is the primary nursing consideration for administering Alpha-adrenergic agonists like Brimonidine?
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What is the primary action of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors like Dorzolamide?
What is the primary action of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors like Dorzolamide?
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What is the primary adverse effect of Osmotic diuretics like Mannitol?
What is the primary adverse effect of Osmotic diuretics like Mannitol?
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Why are Alpha-adrenergic agonists like Brimonidine contraindicated in certain patients?
Why are Alpha-adrenergic agonists like Brimonidine contraindicated in certain patients?
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What is the main action of Beta-adrenergic blockers like Timolol in the eye?
What is the main action of Beta-adrenergic blockers like Timolol in the eye?
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What is the primary action of hydrocortisone?
What is the primary action of hydrocortisone?
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Which medication is contraindicated in patients with known severe cardiovascular conditions?
Which medication is contraindicated in patients with known severe cardiovascular conditions?
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What is a potential adverse effect of using radioactive iodine therapy?
What is a potential adverse effect of using radioactive iodine therapy?
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Which medication is a prototype of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
Which medication is a prototype of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
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What is the primary goal in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
What is the primary goal in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
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Which drug class is known for suppressing inflammatory and immune responses?
Which drug class is known for suppressing inflammatory and immune responses?
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Which medication is a mineralocorticoid used in adrenal hormone replacement therapy?
Which medication is a mineralocorticoid used in adrenal hormone replacement therapy?
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What is a common adverse effect of corticosteroids with prolonged use?
What is a common adverse effect of corticosteroids with prolonged use?
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Which medication acts by delaying the digestion of glucose in the small intestine?
Which medication acts by delaying the digestion of glucose in the small intestine?
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What is the primary nursing consideration for administering radioactive iodine therapy?
What is the primary nursing consideration for administering radioactive iodine therapy?
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Which drug prototype is used to restore dopamine, prevent breakdown of enzymes, and treat uncontrolled movements?
Which drug prototype is used to restore dopamine, prevent breakdown of enzymes, and treat uncontrolled movements?
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Which action is a result of dopamine agonists in patients with Parkinson's disease?
Which action is a result of dopamine agonists in patients with Parkinson's disease?
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Which drug class blocks the effect of acetylcholine, is used to control tremors, and has anticholinergic side effects?
Which drug class blocks the effect of acetylcholine, is used to control tremors, and has anticholinergic side effects?
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Which goal is attributed to cholinesterase inhibitors in pharmacotherapy?
Which goal is attributed to cholinesterase inhibitors in pharmacotherapy?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for Latanoprost administration?
Which of the following is a contraindication for Latanoprost administration?
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What is the therapeutic class of Donepezil?
What is the therapeutic class of Donepezil?
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Which drug interacts with chemotherapeutic agents and is used to modify the immune response in multiple sclerosis?
Which drug interacts with chemotherapeutic agents and is used to modify the immune response in multiple sclerosis?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with Interferon therapy?
What is a common adverse effect associated with Interferon therapy?
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Which drug prototype is an immune-modulating drug used for the treatment of MS?
Which drug prototype is an immune-modulating drug used for the treatment of MS?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with Levetiracetam usage?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with Levetiracetam usage?
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Study Notes
Antiseizure Medications
- Certain drugs intensify the effects of GABA by slowing neuronal firing, enhancing inhibitory signals in the brain.
- Antiseizure drugs binding to GABA receptors suppress abnormal neuronal foci, effectively preventing seizures.
- Drugs structurally related to GABA directly suppress abnormal firing in neurons, providing anticonvulsant effects.
- Some antiseizure medications desensitize sodium channels, blocking the spread of disruptive electrical charges associated with seizures.
- Medications used for status epilepticus target GABA receptors to control abnormal neuronal activity.
- A therapeutic class that includes sedatives and antiseizure medications can address both seizure control and anxiety.
Specific Antiseizure Drugs
- Hydantoins are prototype drugs that block sodium channels, stabilizing neuronal membranes and preventing excessive firing.
- Certain antiseizure medications are classified under pregnancy category D, indicating potential risk to the fetus.
- Drugs effective for partial, absence, and tonic-clonic seizures work by stabilizing neuronal membranes via sodium transport inhibition.
- Adjunctive therapies for partial seizures may delay depolarization, increasing seizure threshold.
Diabetes and Thyroid Medications
- Propylthiouracil is used to treat hypothyroidism, primarily inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis.
- Radioactive iodine therapy can lead to adverse effects such as hypothyroidism post-treatment.
- Metformin is commonly prescribed for type 1 diabetes, functioning mainly as an insulin sensitizer.
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay carbohydrate digestion, helping to manage blood sugar levels.
- Thiazolidinediones can cause weight gain and edema as common adverse effects.
- Incretin enhancers focus on improving insulin secretion in relation to meal intake.
Management of Eye Conditions
- Timolol, a Beta-adrenergic blocker, primarily reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production.
- Brimonidine, an Alpha-adrenergic agonist, may cause fatigue and is contraindicated in certain cardiovascular conditions.
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like Dorzolamide reduce intraocular pressure through a mechanism that decreases aqueous humor production.
- Osmotic diuretics, such as Mannitol, rapidly reduce plasma volume and create hypertonic conditions.
Neurological Pharmaceutics
- Cholinesterase inhibitors aim to increase acetylcholine levels and enhance synaptic transmission, primarily in Alzheimer's disease management.
- Compounds like Levodopa can cause dyskinesia as an adverse effect when treating Parkinson's disease.
- Dopamine agonists restore dopamine levels and help manage symptoms in Parkinson's patients.
- Anticholinergic drugs control tremors but may result in sedation and drowsiness as side effects.
General Medication Considerations
- Avoiding specific medications is crucial in patients with severe cardiovascular issues.
- Prolonged use of corticosteroids may lead to complications like osteoporosis or increased infection risk.
- Careful administration of radioactive iodine therapy is required to monitor thyroid function post-treatment.
Common Adverse Effects
- Benzodiazepines like Diazepam are associated with sedation and impair cognitive function.
- Levetiracetam may cause neuropsychiatric effects, including mood changes.
- Corticosteroids long-term use can result in weight gain, high blood sugar, and increased risk for infections.
- Monitoring is essential for patients on multiple medications due to the potential for drug interactions.
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