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Questions and Answers
What is one effect of ergot on the cardiovascular system?
What is one effect of ergot on the cardiovascular system?
Ergotamine is primarily used to treat migraines by dilating blood vessels in the head.
Ergotamine is primarily used to treat migraines by dilating blood vessels in the head.
False
What were midwives in the 16th century aware of regarding ergot?
What were midwives in the 16th century aware of regarding ergot?
It could be used to hasten labor.
The peyote cactus is known to contain the substance __________ which causes hallucinations.
The peyote cactus is known to contain the substance __________ which causes hallucinations.
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What is a recognized pharmacological use of ergonovine?
What is a recognized pharmacological use of ergonovine?
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Match the following compounds to their uses:
Match the following compounds to their uses:
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25% of drugs used today are derived from animal sources.
25% of drugs used today are derived from animal sources.
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What is the historical significance of the 19th century in drug discovery?
What is the historical significance of the 19th century in drug discovery?
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Which factor does NOT influence the interpretation of phase 3 clinical trials?
Which factor does NOT influence the interpretation of phase 3 clinical trials?
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Patient compliance is measured solely by participant feedback.
Patient compliance is measured solely by participant feedback.
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What is the role of Health Canada in the drug approval process?
What is the role of Health Canada in the drug approval process?
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The __________ name is equivalent to the drug's chemical name.
The __________ name is equivalent to the drug's chemical name.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the duration of the patent rights for a brand name drug?
What is the duration of the patent rights for a brand name drug?
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Postmarket surveillance involves tracking the effects of drugs after they are approved.
Postmarket surveillance involves tracking the effects of drugs after they are approved.
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Drug targets often include __________, which are regulatory molecules within the body.
Drug targets often include __________, which are regulatory molecules within the body.
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What is the primary function of neurons?
What is the primary function of neurons?
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Neurogenesis refers to the process of weakening existing neural connections.
Neurogenesis refers to the process of weakening existing neural connections.
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What do dendrites do in a neuron?
What do dendrites do in a neuron?
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The junction between two neurons, where synaptic transmission occurs, is called a ______.
The junction between two neurons, where synaptic transmission occurs, is called a ______.
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Match the neurotransmitter to its primary role:
Match the neurotransmitter to its primary role:
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with anxiety when hyperactive?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with anxiety when hyperactive?
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Neuroplasticity allows neurons to become fixed in their connections after development.
Neuroplasticity allows neurons to become fixed in their connections after development.
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Endogenous chemicals that transmit signals between neurons are known as ______.
Endogenous chemicals that transmit signals between neurons are known as ______.
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What are agonists in relation to receptors?
What are agonists in relation to receptors?
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Antagonists enhance the effect of endogenous ligands at receptors.
Antagonists enhance the effect of endogenous ligands at receptors.
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What is the relationship between drug dosage and pharmacological effects?
What is the relationship between drug dosage and pharmacological effects?
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Therapeutic doses are reached when __________ number of receptors are activated.
Therapeutic doses are reached when __________ number of receptors are activated.
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Match the following drug types with their functions:
Match the following drug types with their functions:
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Which of the following conditions is critical to consider when comparing cannabis to alcohol?
Which of the following conditions is critical to consider when comparing cannabis to alcohol?
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A low dose of a drug will show a significant response due to the activation of many receptors.
A low dose of a drug will show a significant response due to the activation of many receptors.
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What needs to be activated to observe an effect from a drug?
What needs to be activated to observe an effect from a drug?
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What is the purpose of inclusion/exclusion criteria in a study?
What is the purpose of inclusion/exclusion criteria in a study?
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Randomization in a clinical trial ensures the control and experimental groups are treated the same.
Randomization in a clinical trial ensures the control and experimental groups are treated the same.
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What is the role of informed consent in clinical trials?
What is the role of informed consent in clinical trials?
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In a clinical trial, the ______ group receives a placebo or gold standard treatment.
In a clinical trial, the ______ group receives a placebo or gold standard treatment.
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Which of the following statements about the study population is true?
Which of the following statements about the study population is true?
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Informed consent documents must be written in complex scientific language.
Informed consent documents must be written in complex scientific language.
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What is the main goal of utilizing double-blind design in clinical studies?
What is the main goal of utilizing double-blind design in clinical studies?
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What does a higher therapeutic index indicate about a drug?
What does a higher therapeutic index indicate about a drug?
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Drug-drug interactions can only occur during the metabolism phase of a drug's journey through the body.
Drug-drug interactions can only occur during the metabolism phase of a drug's journey through the body.
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What is the TD50 in the context of drug toxicity?
What is the TD50 in the context of drug toxicity?
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The region of the brain known for integrating memory, emotion, and reward is the ______.
The region of the brain known for integrating memory, emotion, and reward is the ______.
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Which of the following is an effect of consuming food containing tyramine while on an MAO inhibitor?
Which of the following is an effect of consuming food containing tyramine while on an MAO inhibitor?
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Drugs only interact with other drugs, not with food.
Drugs only interact with other drugs, not with food.
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What are dopaminergic reward centers associated with?
What are dopaminergic reward centers associated with?
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Study Notes
Drugs and Pharmacology
- Drugs are substances that affect biological functions, not just nutrition
- Pharmacology is the science of drug use, effects, and actions
Introduction to Drug History
- Humans have used drugs for a long time
- Records from ancient China and Egypt show early drug use
- Modern pharmacology has developed over 250 years, alongside advances in biological sciences
Historical Influences
- Ancient civilizations, including Greece, Egypt, and China, laid the foundations for modern pharmacology
- Their discoveries and methods of use have shaped the field
Ancient Greece (380 B.C.E)
- Theophrastus, a student of Aristotle, wrote a book on therapeutics, including opium poppy.
- Serturner (1803) isolated morphine from opium. He tested it on himself and others, noting its pain-relieving properties.
Ancient Egypt (1550 B.C.E)
- The Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical text, described drug use.
- This text contains observations on purgatives (drugs causing bowel movements), and Senna was noted as a common treatment.
Ancient China (2700 B.C.E)
- Early drug experiments are documented from this ancient civilization.
- Emperor Shen Ning categorized drugs by their taste.
- Ma Huang (ephedrine) was used for coughs, influenza, and fevers and is still used today in many medicines.
Poisons as Drug Discoveries
- Indigenous peoples and cultures used certain plant sources like curare as poisons, but also as medicines.
- Examples like curare, a plant used by Indigenous peoples in South America for hunting, were later modified and used as a muscle relaxant in surgery.
- Ergot, a fungus found on rye, can cause poisoning, and historical accidental inclusions in bread led to severe epidemics, but led to discovering the medicine potential for ergotamine for treating migraines.
Drug Use and Religious Influence
- Early healers often used substances with spiritual or religious meanings, to treat illness
- These substances are often part of healing and rituals and ceremonies, especially with plants and nature.
- Peyote cactus use was linked to spiritual and ritualistic purposes, connected with the ability to achieve a mystical state. The psychoactive substance is a powerful hallucination producer for spiritual and healing practices.
Modern Drug Discovery
- During the 19th to 20th centuries there was a major increase in chemical synthesis techniques which led to significant developments in drug discovery.
- 25% of all drugs currently used come directly from plant substances
- 19th century advances in chemical synthesis allowed the discovery and production of small molecule drugs.
- Sulfa drugs and Penicillin were some of the earliest synthetic antibacterial drugs.
- Chemicals like LSD have been found to potentially treat mental health illnesses, while the chemical structure is similar to drugs like Ergotamine and Ergonovine.
Drug Development and Trials
- Drug development involves several key steps, including: Basic Research, Preclinical trials, and Clinical trials (Phase 1, 2 , and 3).
- During preclinical trials and clinical trials a drug is tested in animals, then in humans, and if successful the drug can enter the manufacturing phase.
- Results need a detailed assessment on safety and efficacy of the drug (compliance, quality of life) and statistics that show these results are valid.
- Health Canada regulates processes and guidelines during development.
Drug Targets
- Drugs typically act on specific targets (usually receptors) in the body.
- Receptors are specialized protein structures or complexes that are part of biological regulation that react to endogenous ligands (chemicals produced within the body).
- Drugs that work through these pathways are called agonists— these drugs enhance/increase the effect on a target.
Dose-Response Relationships
- The intensity of drug effects is related to drug concentration
- A dose-response curve shows how response is related to dose
- The "therapeutic window" is the range of doses that produce a desired effect without causing unacceptable side effects.
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetics describes how drugs move through the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion or ADME).
- The body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs, altering their concentration and effectiveness.
- Drug metabolism involves altering drugs to more easily be excreted, often in the liver.
- There are many routes for administering drugs, including topical, intravenous (IV), or oral administration, each with different effects and absorption rates.
Drug Toxicity and Interactions
- Drugs can have unwanted effects (toxicity), and interacting with other drugs can modify their actions
- Multiple factors relate to the diversity of responses in drugs (i.e., genetics, age, metabolism, diseases, other concomitant medication)
- Toxicity can occur when blood concentrations exceed therapeutic range.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord
- Neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA, glutamate, dopamine, serotonin) play crucial roles in CNS function
- Drugs can affect neuronal function and synaptic transmission, influencing many biological pathways.
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Description
Explore the fascinating history of drugs and pharmacology, from ancient civilizations to modern practices. This quiz covers key developments in drug use, the contributions of historical figures, and the evolution of pharmacological science. Perfect for students interested in the intersection of history and medicine.
