Drug Use Patterns and US Law Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is one reason for the increase in substance use and abuse among older adults?

  • Higher levels of structured time
  • Increased parental support
  • Greater access to education
  • Relief from long-term commitments (correct)

Which of the following demographics has been less extensively studied in relation to illegal drug use?

  • Biological sex
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Gender identity and sexual orientation (correct)
  • Age groups

During middle and high school, which gender shows similar or higher rates of illegal drug use?

  • Only males
  • Both males and females
  • Only females (correct)
  • Neither males nor females

What is a common factor contributing to the experimentation with substances in young adults?

<p>Relative lack of serious commitments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a trending characteristic associated with the use of illegal drugs among older adults?

<p>Increased unstructured time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group is most commonly associated with higher rates of drug use?

<p>Late adolescence and early adulthood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is statistically more likely to use illicit drugs?

<p>White people compared to racial and ethnic minorities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social factor is highlighted as influencing racial and ethnic differences in substance use?

<p>Social class, economic prosperity, and educational attainment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area has been identified as having the highest frequency of drug use?

<p>The western region and urban areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue associated with self-report surveys in drug use studies?

<p>Coverage error and difficulty contacting users (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception about correlation and causation is addressed?

<p>Correlation implies a direct cause. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During World War II, what was the concern of analysts regarding the planes returning from combat?

<p>Certain areas needed more armor due to bullet damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT considered a widely known correlate of drug use patterns?

<p>Height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of longitudinal studies compared to cross-sectional studies?

<p>They allow tracking changes over an extended period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic is NOT included in the sampling for the national survey on drug use and health (NSDUH)?

<p>Homeless individuals in shelters. (A), Military personnel. (C), Individuals in residential treatment programs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to recent data, which drug misuse is most common among individuals aged 18 to 25?

<p>Stimulants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of respondents in the 12-month survey reported no drug use?

<p>75%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most commonly used drug reported in the survey?

<p>Marijuana. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical trend of drug use across different age groups?

<p>Peaks during adolescence and early adulthood, then declines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do most individuals report obtaining their medications from?

<p>Doctors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group is particularly highlighted for having a high rate of stimulant misuse?

<p>18-25 years old. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group shows unique patterns in drug use according to the lecture?

<p>Black adolescents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the least common reason for drug use according to the surveys discussed?

<p>Medical prescriptions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the legal status of a drug under US law?

<p>Federal and state laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the judicial branch regarding drug law in the US?

<p>To interpret and apply existing laws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do federal and state drug laws interact when there is a conflict?

<p>Federal law takes precedence over state law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the common law system in the US?

<p>Judicial authorities must consider previous rulings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the first federal law regulating pharmaceutical products in 1848?

<p>To prohibit the import of adulterated drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which entity is responsible for regulating the prescription of controlled substances?

<p>The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of drug use is typically the focus of federal law enforcement?

<p>Large-scale drug trafficking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which state is the civil law system predominantly used?

<p>Louisiana (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of government has the authority to make laws that apply to the entire United States?

<p>Federal government (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a particular state's drug regulations are stricter than the federal regulations?

<p>State statutes and constitutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the introduction of mandatory minimum sentences affected drug law enforcement?

<p>It has led to disproportionate sentencing outcomes for certain communities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acts criminalized non-medical drug use in the early 20th century?

<p>1941 Harrison Narcotics Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonality exists between the 1941 Harrison Narcotics Act and the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act?

<p>Both imposed heavy taxes as a means of regulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the sentencing disparity highlighted in the scenario involving a young man convicted of selling cocaine?

<p>Certain demographics, particularly Black youths, face disproportionately longer sentences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event in the 1960s significantly transformed drug use perceptions in the US?

<p>The association of psychedelics with cultural rebellion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the anti-drug laws origins is important to note about their development?

<p>They began at the federal level with the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of sentencing, how does the law express a disparity between non-violent drug offenders and violent criminals?

<p>Violent crimes are often punished less severely than drug offenses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects a criticism of the enforcement of drug laws as presented in the scenario?

<p>The enforcement disproportionately impacts marginalized communities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant limitation of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?

<p>It did not regulate the safety of drugs prior to marketing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major public health crisis arose from the introduction of Elixir Sulfanilamide?

<p>Severe illness and deaths due to diethylene glycol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following improvements was introduced by the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938?

<p>Empowerment of the FDA to remove unsafe products. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major concern regarding the FDA approval process as it pertains to drug studies?

<p>Pharma companies independently design and fund studies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue arose from the approval process of Prozac?

<p>Exclusion of vulnerable populations from clinical trials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant trend was observed in the pharmaceutical industry between 2006 and 2015 related to profits?

<p>Profits surged significantly, surpassing other sectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'political economy' refer to in the context of pharmaceutical regulations?

<p>Interactions between political and economic forces affecting industries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor exemplifies a conflict of interest in drug approvals?

<p>Physicians receiving compensation from pharma companies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an outcome of off-label drug prescriptions?

<p>It can increase the risk of adverse effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What financial aspect affects the speed of the FDA approval process?

<p>Increased fees paid for expedited applications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does lobbying play in the pharmaceutical industry?

<p>It involves advocating for specific legislative outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a result of the distribution of Elixir Sulfanilamide?

<p>It revealed regulatory gaps in drug safety testing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation exists in clinical trials required by the FDA?

<p>They often focus solely on short-term effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transformation of the FDA from the Food Drug and Insecticide Administration signifies a shift towards which focus?

<p>A broader oversight scope including drugs and cosmetics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug approval conflict is referred to as a 'pay later' conflict of interest?

<p>Voting for approval in exchange for future financial benefits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Drug use patterns

The frequency and ways in which people use illicit drugs. These patterns can be influenced by factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, class, and location.

Correlates of drug use

Factors linked to drug use, but not necessarily causing it.

Predictive Value

The ability to use one variable to forecast another based on observed patterns.

Correlation

A statistical relationship between two variables. If one increases or decreases, the other may do the same.

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Causation

A relationship where one thing definitively causes another change.

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Self-report surveys

Methods used to gather study data about people's own reports of behavior.

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Coverage Error

A type of error in research where some important groups of people are missed from surveys.

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Illegal Drugs

Substances that are restricted or prohibited by law, for example in some jurisdictions.

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Increased Substance Use in Older Adults

A recent trend shows an increase in substance abuse among older adults.

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Reasons for Drug Use in Older Adults

Older adults may use drugs due to increased free time, relief from commitments, isolation, and especially after loss of a partner.

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Drug Use and Gender

Males are typically more likely to use and abuse illegal drugs than females. However, during adolescence, females may use drugs at similar or slightly higher rates.

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Gender and Orientation Research Gap

Research often focuses heavily on biological sex and not enough on gender identity, leaving a significant gap in understanding drug use in relation to gender and sexual orientation.

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Experimentation as a Reason for Drug Use

Young people may use drugs as a form of experimentation, especially during periods of independence from parental authority and with unstructured time.

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Longitudinal Study

A research method that tracks the same group of people over an extended period of time to observe changes and patterns in their behavior.

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Cross-Sectional Study

A research method that collects data from a specific population at a single point in time to understand prevailing characteristics.

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NSDUH (National Survey on Drug Use and Health)

The US's main source of data on drug use; It's a cross-sectional survey that samples people 12+ from the US population to gauge drug use patterns.

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Prevalence of Drug Use (NSDUH)

The proportion of the US population that uses or misuses drugs in a specific timeframe (e.g., past year).

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Age and Drug Use

Drug use frequently increases during adolescence, reaches a peak in early adulthood (18-25), and typically decreases in middle and later adulthood.

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Commonly Misused Drugs

Marijuana, opioids, and tranquilizers are among the most frequently misused drugs in the US.

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Source of Drugs

People most commonly obtain drugs from doctors or friends/acquaintances.

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Drug Use and Age

Drug use patterns generally increase in adolescence, peak in young adulthood, then decrease later in life.

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Stimulant Misuse

Misuse of stimulants (e.g., ADHD medication) is frequently higher for those in their teens and twenties.

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Factors Correlating with Drug Use

Factors like age, gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status can influence patterns of drug use.

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Federal Law vs. State Law

Federal laws are created by the US government and apply to all states. State laws are created by individual states and govern certain aspects of life within those states. Both apply simultaneously, but federal law overrides conflicting state laws.

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Branches of Government

The US government has three branches: legislative (makes laws), executive (enforces laws), and judicial (interprets laws). Each branch exists at both the federal and state levels.

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Common Law

A legal system where court decisions are binding on future cases. Judges consider previous rulings when making decisions, actively shaping the law.

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Civil Law

A legal system based on comprehensive legal codes. Court opinions are less influential, and new cases rely primarily on those codes.

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Controlled Substances Act (CSA)

A federal law that classifies drugs into categories based on their potential for abuse and medical use. Schedules 1-5 define the severity of control.

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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

A federal agency responsible for enforcing laws related to controlled substances, including manufacturing, distribution, and prescription.

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FDA

The Food and Drug Administration regulates pharmaceutical products, ensuring safety and effectiveness.

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State Drug Laws

Individual states can create laws that regulate the use and distribution of drugs. These may differ from federal laws.

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Medical vs. Recreational Use

Federal laws tend to focus on large-scale drug issues, while state laws often address local concerns, such as medical and recreational use.

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The Patent Drug Era

A historic period when the first federal law regulating pharmaceutical products was implemented, aiming to control adulteration, but with limited domestic impact.

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Disproportionate Impact of Drug Laws

Certain communities, often based on race or socioeconomic status, are more heavily affected by drug laws and their penalties than others.

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Mandatory Minimum Sentences

Laws that require a specific minimum prison sentence for certain offenses, regardless of the specific circumstances.

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The Harrison Narcotics Act (1914)

A federal law that regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opium and coca products, criminalizing non-medical use.

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The Marijuana Tax Act (1937)

A federal law that effectively banned cannabis by imposing prohibitively expensive taxes on its sale and distribution.

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The Boggs Act (1951) and Narcotic Control Act (1956)

These laws introduced mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses, increasing penalties and prison terms.

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Transformative Period for Drug Laws (1960s)

The decade of the 1960s saw significant shifts in drug use patterns, perceptions, and public policy, influenced by cultural changes and evolving attitudes.

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Origins of Drug Regulation in the US (Early 20th Century)

The foundation for federal drug legislation was laid in the early 1900s. The federal government gradually took more control over drug regulation.

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Scattered Federal Laws (First Half of 20th Century)

Before the 1960s, federal drug laws were not unified but rather a patchwork of different laws.

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What was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?

This law prohibited interstate and foreign commerce in adulterated and misbranded food and drug products. It also required manufacturers to list ingredients. However, it didn't regulate the purchase or concentration of a drug.

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What was Elixir Sulfanilamide?

A liquid version of the powerful antibiotic Sulfanilamide, created by the SE Messengill Company. It was diluted with diethylene glycol, a toxic alcohol that gave it a pleasant flavor.

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How did the Sulfanilamide tragedy highlight the limitations of the 1906 Act?

The tragedy revealed that while the 1906 Act required ingredient listing, it didn't mandate safety testing before marketing drugs. This lack of oversight led to the deaths of over 100 people.

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What did the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 do?

It empowered the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee drug safety testing, regulate cosmetics and medical devices, and remove unsafe products from the market.

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Who designs and funds drug approval studies?

Drug companies themselves design, supervise, and pay for these studies, not the FDA. This creates potential for bias and manipulation.

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What was controversial about the Prozac approval process?

The FDA allowed Eli Lilly to use a 'placebo washout' experiment that might have masked negative reactions to Prozac. The study also excluded vulnerable groups and had a small sample size.

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What are some criticisms of the FDA approval process?

Critics argue that approval trials often focus on short-term effects, lack comparison to existing treatments, and are influenced by drug companies' funding and design. Also, the FDA gives companies significant leeway in trial design.

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What is 'off-label' drug use?

Once a drug is approved for a specific use by the FDA, doctors can prescribe it for any other use they deem appropriate. This can be beneficial, but also carries potential risks.

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What is 'political economy' in the context of drug policy?

It examines the complex relationship between political forces (e.g., government institutions) and economic forces (e.g., pharmaceutical industry). It helps understand how these forces influence policies, regulations, and drug access.

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Why is lobbying significant for the pharmaceutical industry?

Lobbying allows pharmaceutical companies to influence government officials, legislators, and regulatory agencies to support policies that benefit their interests.

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What are 'conflicts of interest' in drug approval?

It occurs when individuals serving on drug approval boards have financial ties to the pharmaceutical companies whose products they are evaluating. This can lead to biased decision-making.

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How does 'concealment' affect drug safety?

Pharmaceutical companies have a history of hiding information from the FDA, often only revealed through lawsuits. This can prevent the public and government from fully understanding the risks of certain drugs.

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What is the 'aggressive expansion' issue in the pharmaceutical industry?

Pharmaceutical companies have been criticized for aggressively promoting and expanding the use of certain drugs, even when facing known risks or safety concerns.

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How powerful is the pharmaceutical industry?

It's incredibly powerful, with the top drug companies generating more profits than the rest of the Fortune 500 combined. Their spending on lobbying and influencing policy is significant, shaping public health and healthcare.

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Study Notes

Lecture 9 and 10: Drug Use Patterns and Surveys

  • Surveys provide insights into illegal drug use patterns.
  • Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey tracks substance use in young people.
  • National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) provides national data on substance use in adults (19-65).
  • Cross-sectional studies collect data at one point in time.
  • Longitudinal studies follow participants over time.

Lecture 10: Correlates of Drug Use

  • Race/ethnicity and sexual orientation are potential correlates.

Lecture 11, 12, 13: Drug Law and Policy

Part 1: Review of Drug Use Approaches and US Law

  • Understanding US federal and state drug laws.
  • Examining regulatory aspects of pharmaceutical approval.

Part 2: Pharmaceutical Industry's Political Economy

  • Discussing the influence of big pharmaceutical companies.
  • Importance of lobbying and related agencies.
  • Understanding the opioid crisis and litigation.

Part 3: Origins and Contemporary Drug Laws

  • Tracing the historical origins of anti-drug laws.
  • Evaluating the impact of the "War on Drugs."

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Midterm 2 Notes on Drug Use Patterns (PDF)

Description

Explore the patterns of drug use through insights from various surveys such as the MTF and NSDUH. This quiz also delves into the correlates of drug use, including race and sexual orientation, while reviewing US drug laws and the political economy of the pharmaceutical industry. Understand the influence of regulations and the ongoing opioid crisis.

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