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Questions and Answers
What is the term used to refer to the amount of drug that, once ingested or administered, is absorbed into the bloodstream?
What is the term used to refer to the amount of drug that, once ingested or administered, is absorbed into the bloodstream?
- Therapeutic index
- Bioavailability (correct)
- Drug efficacy
- Pharmacokinetics
Which route of drug administration often provides faster effects than the oral route and is safer than intravenous?
Which route of drug administration often provides faster effects than the oral route and is safer than intravenous?
- Intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc) (correct)
- Intravenous (iv)
- Nasal sprays
- Percutaneous absorption
Where are volatile drugs or gaseous anesthetics absorbed in the body?
Where are volatile drugs or gaseous anesthetics absorbed in the body?
- Stomach
- Liver
- Intestines
- Lungs (correct)
Which type of drugs can be injected rapidly or infused slowly into a vein?
Which type of drugs can be injected rapidly or infused slowly into a vein?
What is the primary method of absorption for drugs intended for direct action in the lungs?
What is the primary method of absorption for drugs intended for direct action in the lungs?
What type of implants provide prolonged hormone release for birth control?
What type of implants provide prolonged hormone release for birth control?
Which method is used for topical effects but may also cause systemic effects?
Which method is used for topical effects but may also cause systemic effects?
Which route of administration requires an implanted catheter to deliver the drug and gives better control over plasma levels?
Which route of administration requires an implanted catheter to deliver the drug and gives better control over plasma levels?
What type of drugs are often used for their topical effects but may also have systemic effects?
What type of drugs are often used for their topical effects but may also have systemic effects?
What is affinity in the context of drug binding?
What is affinity in the context of drug binding?
Which type of drug target is commonly involved in pharmacological effects?
Which type of drug target is commonly involved in pharmacological effects?
What does efficacy refer to in the context of drug-receptor interaction?
What does efficacy refer to in the context of drug-receptor interaction?
What do antagonist drugs do when they bind to receptors?
What do antagonist drugs do when they bind to receptors?
What type of antagonist antagonism occurs when a physiological mediator/drug binds at the same receptor as an agonist and can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration?
What type of antagonist antagonism occurs when a physiological mediator/drug binds at the same receptor as an agonist and can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration?
What is an example of an agonist drug acting on β2 adrenoceptor in airways?
What is an example of an agonist drug acting on β2 adrenoceptor in airways?
What type of bond do irreversible antagonists form with the receptor?
What type of bond do irreversible antagonists form with the receptor?
What is the primary reason reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as MAOIs, are more commonly used than irreversible antagonists?
What is the primary reason reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as MAOIs, are more commonly used than irreversible antagonists?
What is the study of drugs and their metabolites, including administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination called?
What is the study of drugs and their metabolites, including administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination called?
Which route of drug administration provides fast delivery to the site but requires trained personnel and carries a risk of infections and pain?
Which route of drug administration provides fast delivery to the site but requires trained personnel and carries a risk of infections and pain?
What can oral administration of drugs involve that may pose a risk?
What can oral administration of drugs involve that may pose a risk?
What did Dr. William Withering extract from foxglove plants to treat dropsy?
What did Dr. William Withering extract from foxglove plants to treat dropsy?
What is the term for how likely a drug is to bind to a receptor?
What is the term for how likely a drug is to bind to a receptor?
Which type of drug target is NOT commonly involved in pharmacological effects?
Which type of drug target is NOT commonly involved in pharmacological effects?
What occurs when an antagonist drug binds to a receptor?
What occurs when an antagonist drug binds to a receptor?
What type of antagonist antagonism occurs when a physiological mediator/drug binds at the same receptor as an agonist and can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration?
What type of antagonist antagonism occurs when a physiological mediator/drug binds at the same receptor as an agonist and can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration?
"High efficacy" in drug-receptor interaction means:
"High efficacy" in drug-receptor interaction means:
What is an example of an agonist drug acting on all β adrenoceptors, causing vasoconstriction and contraction of smooth muscle by increased Ca flux?
What is an example of an agonist drug acting on all β adrenoceptors, causing vasoconstriction and contraction of smooth muscle by increased Ca flux?
What type of antagonism occurs when an agonist concentration increased can overcome blockade by physiological mediator/drug binding at the same receptor?
What type of antagonism occurs when an agonist concentration increased can overcome blockade by physiological mediator/drug binding at the same receptor?
Which drug target is responsible for causing vasoconstriction and contraction of smooth muscle by increased Ca flux?
Which drug target is responsible for causing vasoconstriction and contraction of smooth muscle by increased Ca flux?
What type of drug binds to cells to give a pharmacological effect?
What type of drug binds to cells to give a pharmacological effect?
What does reversible competitive antagonism involve?
What does reversible competitive antagonism involve?
What factors determine the rate of drug absorption?
What factors determine the rate of drug absorption?
What does bioavailability refer to?
What does bioavailability refer to?
Intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc) routes are often used because:
Intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc) routes are often used because:
What is the primary reason for using slow intravenous infusions for certain drugs?
What is the primary reason for using slow intravenous infusions for certain drugs?
How are volatile drugs or gaseous anesthetics absorbed in the body?
How are volatile drugs or gaseous anesthetics absorbed in the body?
Which type of drug binding forms a covalent bond that is difficult to break?
Which type of drug binding forms a covalent bond that is difficult to break?
What is the primary study of drugs and their metabolites called?
What is the primary study of drugs and their metabolites called?
Which route of drug administration allows for fast action due to the thin walls between alveoli and capillaries?
Which route of drug administration allows for fast action due to the thin walls between alveoli and capillaries?
What did Dr. William Withering extract from foxglove plants to treat dropsy?
What did Dr. William Withering extract from foxglove plants to treat dropsy?
What did Edward Jenner develop a treatment for by inoculating people with cowpox?
What did Edward Jenner develop a treatment for by inoculating people with cowpox?
What is the most common method of drug administration that may involve first pass metabolism and carry a risk of infection?
What is the most common method of drug administration that may involve first pass metabolism and carry a risk of infection?
What led to the eradication of smallpox worldwide?
What led to the eradication of smallpox worldwide?
What is the primary concern associated with intravenous drug administration?
What is the primary concern associated with intravenous drug administration?
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Study Notes
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Irreversible antagonists are a type of drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist, forming a covalent bond that is difficult to break
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They produce long-lasting effects and have no effect even if agonist concentration increases
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Decrease the number of available receptors and are rarely used in clinical practice
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Reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as MAOIs, are more commonly used
-
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drugs and their metabolites, including administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
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Among the various routes of drug administration, the most common ones are oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous
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Oral administration is easy and convenient but may involve first pass metabolism and carry a risk of infection
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Intravenous administration provides fast delivery to the site but requires trained personnel and carries a risk of infections and pain
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Lung administration can provide fast action due to the thin walls between alveoli and capillaries and the high surface area, allowing for easy entry into the bloodstream and systemic effects
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The history of medicine dates back to the mid-18th century when little was known about diseases and their causes, and medical treatments were often dangerous and ineffective. Many diseases, including smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus, and scurvy, were major killers. Medical entrepreneurs, or "quacks," made a fortune selling untested and often dangerous treatments. Dr. William Withering extracted digitalis from foxglove plants to treat dropsy, a condition caused by congestive heart failure. Hale developed a ventilation system to reduce deaths in prisons due to typhus, but it was later discovered that the disease was caused by fleas. Edward Jenner developed a treatment for smallpox by inoculating people with cowpox, a disease that gave immunity to smallpox. Jenner's work led to the eradication of smallpox worldwide. Industrialization led to the prevalence of workplace illnesses such as byssinosis, caused by exposure to cotton dust, and cancer from exposure to oils. The 1832 Anatomy Act enabled the use of bodies of the poor for medical training, significantly advancing medical knowledge and understanding of diseases and their effects on the human body.
-
Irreversible antagonists are a type of drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist, forming a covalent bond that is difficult to break
-
They produce long-lasting effects and have no effect even if agonist concentration increases
-
Decrease the number of available receptors and are rarely used in clinical practice
-
Reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as MAOIs, are more commonly used
-
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drugs and their metabolites, including administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
-
Among the various routes of drug administration, the most common ones are oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous
-
Oral administration is easy and convenient but may involve first pass metabolism and carry a risk of infection
-
Intravenous administration provides fast delivery to the site but requires trained personnel and carries a risk of infections and pain
-
Lung administration can provide fast action due to the thin walls between alveoli and capillaries and the high surface area, allowing for easy entry into the bloodstream and systemic effects
-
The history of medicine dates back to the mid-18th century when little was known about diseases and their causes, and medical treatments were often dangerous and ineffective. Many diseases, including smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus, and scurvy, were major killers. Medical entrepreneurs, or "quacks," made a fortune selling untested and often dangerous treatments. Dr. William Withering extracted digitalis from foxglove plants to treat dropsy, a condition caused by congestive heart failure. Hale developed a ventilation system to reduce deaths in prisons due to typhus, but it was later discovered that the disease was caused by fleas. Edward Jenner developed a treatment for smallpox by inoculating people with cowpox, a disease that gave immunity to smallpox. Jenner's work led to the eradication of smallpox worldwide. Industrialization led to the prevalence of workplace illnesses such as byssinosis, caused by exposure to cotton dust, and cancer from exposure to oils. The 1832 Anatomy Act enabled the use of bodies of the poor for medical training, significantly advancing medical knowledge and understanding of diseases and their effects on the human body.
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