44 Questions
What is the term used to refer to the amount of drug that, once ingested or administered, is absorbed into the bloodstream?
Bioavailability
Which route of drug administration often provides faster effects than the oral route and is safer than intravenous?
Intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc)
Where are volatile drugs or gaseous anesthetics absorbed in the body?
Lungs
Which type of drugs can be injected rapidly or infused slowly into a vein?
Intravenous (iv)
What is the primary method of absorption for drugs intended for direct action in the lungs?
Inhalation
What type of implants provide prolonged hormone release for birth control?
Oestrogen-progesterone pellets
Which method is used for topical effects but may also cause systemic effects?
Percutaneous absorption and transdermal patches
Which route of administration requires an implanted catheter to deliver the drug and gives better control over plasma levels?
Slow intravenous infusion
What type of drugs are often used for their topical effects but may also have systemic effects?
Percutaneous absorption and transdermal patches
What is affinity in the context of drug binding?
The likelihood of a drug to bind to a receptor
Which type of drug target is commonly involved in pharmacological effects?
Receptors
What does efficacy refer to in the context of drug-receptor interaction?
The likelihood of the drug to activate a receptor when bound
What do antagonist drugs do when they bind to receptors?
They may or may not cause a physiological effect and reduce the effect of agonist at the receptor
What type of antagonist antagonism occurs when a physiological mediator/drug binds at the same receptor as an agonist and can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration?
Reversible Competitive Antagonism/ Physiological Antagonism
What is an example of an agonist drug acting on β2 adrenoceptor in airways?
Salbutamol
What type of bond do irreversible antagonists form with the receptor?
Covalent bond
What is the primary reason reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as MAOIs, are more commonly used than irreversible antagonists?
They are more commonly used due to their reversibility
What is the study of drugs and their metabolites, including administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination called?
Pharmacokinetics
Which route of drug administration provides fast delivery to the site but requires trained personnel and carries a risk of infections and pain?
Intravenous
What can oral administration of drugs involve that may pose a risk?
First pass metabolism
What did Dr. William Withering extract from foxglove plants to treat dropsy?
Digitalis
What is the term for how likely a drug is to bind to a receptor?
Affinity
Which type of drug target is NOT commonly involved in pharmacological effects?
Hormones
What occurs when an antagonist drug binds to a receptor?
It may or may not cause a physiological effect and reduces the effect of the agonist at the receptor
What type of antagonist antagonism occurs when a physiological mediator/drug binds at the same receptor as an agonist and can be overcome by increasing agonist concentration?
Reversible Competitive Antagonism
"High efficacy" in drug-receptor interaction means:
Low amount of bound drug gives a physiological effect
What is an example of an agonist drug acting on all β adrenoceptors, causing vasoconstriction and contraction of smooth muscle by increased Ca flux?
Noradrenaline
What type of antagonism occurs when an agonist concentration increased can overcome blockade by physiological mediator/drug binding at the same receptor?
Physiological Antagonism
Which drug target is responsible for causing vasoconstriction and contraction of smooth muscle by increased Ca flux?
Receptors
What type of drug binds to cells to give a pharmacological effect?
Agonist Drug
What does reversible competitive antagonism involve?
Overcoming blockade by increasing agonist concentration
What factors determine the rate of drug absorption?
Local blood flow and route of administration
What does bioavailability refer to?
The amount of drug absorbed into the bloodstream once ingested or administered
Intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc) routes are often used because:
They have faster effects than the oral route and are safer than intravenous (iv)
What is the primary reason for using slow intravenous infusions for certain drugs?
To achieve better control over plasma levels
How are volatile drugs or gaseous anesthetics absorbed in the body?
Through the lungs due to rapid equilibration between plasma and alveolar air
Which type of drug binding forms a covalent bond that is difficult to break?
Reversible antagonists
What is the primary study of drugs and their metabolites called?
Pharmacokinetics
Which route of drug administration allows for fast action due to the thin walls between alveoli and capillaries?
Lung
What did Dr. William Withering extract from foxglove plants to treat dropsy?
Digitalis
What did Edward Jenner develop a treatment for by inoculating people with cowpox?
Smallpox
What is the most common method of drug administration that may involve first pass metabolism and carry a risk of infection?
Oral administration
What led to the eradication of smallpox worldwide?
The invention of vaccination
What is the primary concern associated with intravenous drug administration?
Increased risk of systemic toxicity
Study Notes
-
Irreversible antagonists are a type of drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist, forming a covalent bond that is difficult to break
-
They produce long-lasting effects and have no effect even if agonist concentration increases
-
Decrease the number of available receptors and are rarely used in clinical practice
-
Reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as MAOIs, are more commonly used
-
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drugs and their metabolites, including administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
-
Among the various routes of drug administration, the most common ones are oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous
-
Oral administration is easy and convenient but may involve first pass metabolism and carry a risk of infection
-
Intravenous administration provides fast delivery to the site but requires trained personnel and carries a risk of infections and pain
-
Lung administration can provide fast action due to the thin walls between alveoli and capillaries and the high surface area, allowing for easy entry into the bloodstream and systemic effects
-
The history of medicine dates back to the mid-18th century when little was known about diseases and their causes, and medical treatments were often dangerous and ineffective. Many diseases, including smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus, and scurvy, were major killers. Medical entrepreneurs, or "quacks," made a fortune selling untested and often dangerous treatments. Dr. William Withering extracted digitalis from foxglove plants to treat dropsy, a condition caused by congestive heart failure. Hale developed a ventilation system to reduce deaths in prisons due to typhus, but it was later discovered that the disease was caused by fleas. Edward Jenner developed a treatment for smallpox by inoculating people with cowpox, a disease that gave immunity to smallpox. Jenner's work led to the eradication of smallpox worldwide. Industrialization led to the prevalence of workplace illnesses such as byssinosis, caused by exposure to cotton dust, and cancer from exposure to oils. The 1832 Anatomy Act enabled the use of bodies of the poor for medical training, significantly advancing medical knowledge and understanding of diseases and their effects on the human body.
-
Irreversible antagonists are a type of drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist, forming a covalent bond that is difficult to break
-
They produce long-lasting effects and have no effect even if agonist concentration increases
-
Decrease the number of available receptors and are rarely used in clinical practice
-
Reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as MAOIs, are more commonly used
-
Pharmacokinetics is the study of drugs and their metabolites, including administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination
-
Among the various routes of drug administration, the most common ones are oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous
-
Oral administration is easy and convenient but may involve first pass metabolism and carry a risk of infection
-
Intravenous administration provides fast delivery to the site but requires trained personnel and carries a risk of infections and pain
-
Lung administration can provide fast action due to the thin walls between alveoli and capillaries and the high surface area, allowing for easy entry into the bloodstream and systemic effects
-
The history of medicine dates back to the mid-18th century when little was known about diseases and their causes, and medical treatments were often dangerous and ineffective. Many diseases, including smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus, and scurvy, were major killers. Medical entrepreneurs, or "quacks," made a fortune selling untested and often dangerous treatments. Dr. William Withering extracted digitalis from foxglove plants to treat dropsy, a condition caused by congestive heart failure. Hale developed a ventilation system to reduce deaths in prisons due to typhus, but it was later discovered that the disease was caused by fleas. Edward Jenner developed a treatment for smallpox by inoculating people with cowpox, a disease that gave immunity to smallpox. Jenner's work led to the eradication of smallpox worldwide. Industrialization led to the prevalence of workplace illnesses such as byssinosis, caused by exposure to cotton dust, and cancer from exposure to oils. The 1832 Anatomy Act enabled the use of bodies of the poor for medical training, significantly advancing medical knowledge and understanding of diseases and their effects on the human body.
Test your knowledge about drug targets, receptors, and drug interactions with this quiz. Learn about the types of drug targets, such as receptors, enzymes, transport proteins, and ion channels, as well as the concepts of affinity and efficacy.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
