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Questions and Answers
What factor contributes to the increased percutaneous absorption in infants?
What factor contributes to the increased percutaneous absorption in infants?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for altered drug responses in neonates?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for altered drug responses in neonates?
What physiological change in elderly patients affects drug distribution?
What physiological change in elderly patients affects drug distribution?
What contributes to the slowed rate of drug absorption in older adults?
What contributes to the slowed rate of drug absorption in older adults?
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Why is drug metabolism decreased in older patients?
Why is drug metabolism decreased in older patients?
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Which of the following challenges are commonly faced by elderly patients regarding medication compliance?
Which of the following challenges are commonly faced by elderly patients regarding medication compliance?
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What is the impact of aging on the pharmacodynamics of drug response?
What is the impact of aging on the pharmacodynamics of drug response?
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How does aging affect renal drug elimination?
How does aging affect renal drug elimination?
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Study Notes
Drug Response in Infants & Children
- Infants and children have different responses to drugs compared to adults.
- Body build: Infants have more total body water, mostly extracellular, and lower fat content than adults.
- Percutaneous absorption: Infants have thinner skin leading to increased absorption of drugs.
- GI Function: Neonates have lower gastric acid output compared to adults.
- Plasma Protein Binding: Neonates have reduced plasma protein binding due to lower albumin concentration.
- Blood Brain Barrier (BBB): The BBB is more permeable in neonates.
- Hepatic Enzyme Activity: Hepatic enzyme activity is low in neonates.
- Renal Clearance: Renal clearance is less efficient in infants, reaching adult levels by 3-5 months for glomerular filtration rate and by 7 months for secretory and reabsorptive capacity.
Drug Response in Geriatrics
- Aging influences both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics
- Drug Absorption: Reduced blood flow, absorptive surface area in the intestine, gastric secretions, and delayed gastric emptying lead to a slowed rate of drug absorption and action in the elderly.
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Drug Distribution: Decreased muscle and water content, and increased fat content in the elderly impact drug distribution.
- Lipid-soluble drugs have slower elimination, longer half-life, and longer duration of action in the elderly.
- Drug Metabolism: The rate of drug metabolism decreases with age due to decreased production of liver enzymes.
- Drug Excretion by Kidney: Decreased renal elimination leads to increased half-life and duration of action of drugs in the elderly.
Pharmacodynamics
- Drug responses in the elderly differ from adults due to alterations in receptors and age-related impairment of physiological adaptive mechanisms.
Challenges with Elderly Compliance
- Complicated dosing regimens and polypharmacy can lead to confusion in the elderly.
- Age-related memory loss, pathological processes like Alzheimer's, and living alone can contribute to confusion.
- Unpleasant side effects of drugs discourage their use.
- Difficulty with certain drug forms like swallowing large capsules.
- Challenges opening and understanding drug container labeling.
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Description
This quiz explores the unique pharmacological responses in infants, children, and geriatrics. It covers aspects such as body composition, absorption rates, and metabolic changes that affect drug efficacy and safety in these populations. Understanding these differences is crucial for optimal medication management.
