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Questions and Answers
What does the therapeutic index (TI) measure?
What does the therapeutic index (TI) measure?
What does the symbol ® indicate when used with a drug's brand name?
What does the symbol ® indicate when used with a drug's brand name?
If a drug has a therapeutic index (TI) of 10, how does this compare to a drug with a TI of 3?
If a drug has a therapeutic index (TI) of 10, how does this compare to a drug with a TI of 3?
Which of the following statements about orphan drugs is correct?
Which of the following statements about orphan drugs is correct?
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What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI)?
What is the formula for calculating the therapeutic index (TI)?
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What is the primary criterion for classifying drugs based on pharmacological effects?
What is the primary criterion for classifying drugs based on pharmacological effects?
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What is defined as the margin of safety (MOS)?
What is defined as the margin of safety (MOS)?
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Which term describes a narrow range of doses that achieves optimal efficacy without unacceptable toxicity?
Which term describes a narrow range of doses that achieves optimal efficacy without unacceptable toxicity?
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Which type of drug is specifically designed to kill germs and microorganisms?
Which type of drug is specifically designed to kill germs and microorganisms?
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What does a drug with a high-risk profile usually indicate?
What does a drug with a high-risk profile usually indicate?
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What is the characteristic feature of drug brand names compared to generic names?
What is the characteristic feature of drug brand names compared to generic names?
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Why does the pharmaceutical industry show little interest in developing orphan drugs?
Why does the pharmaceutical industry show little interest in developing orphan drugs?
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How is the margin of safety (MOS) calculated?
How is the margin of safety (MOS) calculated?
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What factors are crucial in deciding the appropriate drug for a patient?
What factors are crucial in deciding the appropriate drug for a patient?
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Which of the following best describes analgesics?
Which of the following best describes analgesics?
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What is typically true about the name under which a drug is listed by the FDA?
What is typically true about the name under which a drug is listed by the FDA?
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What is the primary purpose of the generic name of a drug?
What is the primary purpose of the generic name of a drug?
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Why must the spelling of the drug on the package match the prescribed name?
Why must the spelling of the drug on the package match the prescribed name?
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What is one key difference between a generic name and a chemical name?
What is one key difference between a generic name and a chemical name?
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What can happen when a therapeutically equivalent drug becomes available in generic form?
What can happen when a therapeutically equivalent drug becomes available in generic form?
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How is the brand name of a drug typically chosen?
How is the brand name of a drug typically chosen?
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What is the significance of learning drug names mainly by their generic names?
What is the significance of learning drug names mainly by their generic names?
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What defines a chemical name in relation to a drug?
What defines a chemical name in relation to a drug?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between brand names and generic names?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between brand names and generic names?
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What does potency measure in the context of drug activity?
What does potency measure in the context of drug activity?
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Which of the following best describes pharmacokinetics?
Which of the following best describes pharmacokinetics?
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What does the 'A' in L-ADME stand for?
What does the 'A' in L-ADME stand for?
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Which process involves breaking down a drug into smaller particles?
Which process involves breaking down a drug into smaller particles?
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What is a crucial aspect of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?
What is a crucial aspect of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?
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In which phase of L-ADME does the body eliminate a drug?
In which phase of L-ADME does the body eliminate a drug?
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What type of substances are specifically studied under pharmacokinetics?
What type of substances are specifically studied under pharmacokinetics?
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Which statement about clinical efficacy is correct?
Which statement about clinical efficacy is correct?
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What is the primary reason for a drug to be classified as Category X?
What is the primary reason for a drug to be classified as Category X?
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Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of epilepsy?
Which of the following medications is used for the treatment of epilepsy?
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What factor does NOT influence the response to drugs?
What factor does NOT influence the response to drugs?
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Which of the following is a known effect of warfarin?
Which of the following is a known effect of warfarin?
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Which factor is NOT included in the physiological factors influencing drug efficacy?
Which factor is NOT included in the physiological factors influencing drug efficacy?
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What is the purpose of thalidomide in medical treatment?
What is the purpose of thalidomide in medical treatment?
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Which of the following statements is true about genetic factors affecting drug response?
Which of the following statements is true about genetic factors affecting drug response?
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Which situation falls under the definition of 'life-threatening situations' for drug use?
Which situation falls under the definition of 'life-threatening situations' for drug use?
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Study Notes
Drug Nomenclature
- Every drug has both a generic/medical name and a brand/trade name.
- The generic name is decided on by an expert committee.
- The brand name is chosen by the pharmaceutical company that makes and sells the drug.
- The spellings of the drug on the package must match the spelling of the drug ordered to ensure the correct medicine is given.
Drug Names
- Each drug has a chemical name, a generic name, and a brand name.
- The chemical name describes the exact chemical makeup of the drug.
- The generic name is simpler than the chemical name and may be used in any country by any manufacturer. The first letter of the generic name is not capitalized.
- Formularies (lists of available medicines) are maintained by generic names.
- Generic medicines can be substituted for brand-name medicines if they are therapeutically equivalent.
Generic Drug Names
- Generic names are assigned by the U.S. Adopted Names Council, which is sponsored by the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, the American Medical Association, and the American Pharmacists Association.
- The official name of a drug in the United States is typically the generic name.
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) names drugs for human use in the United States.
Brand Name Drugs
- A trademark or brand name is followed by the symbol ®, indicating that the name is registered by the owner of the drug, usually the manufacturer.
- Most drug companies market their products under brand names rather than generic names.
- Brand names are designed for easy remembering, spelling, and pronunciation.
- The first letter of the brand name is capitalized.
Orphan Drugs
- Orphan drugs are medicinal products intended for diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of rare, life-threatening, or very serious diseases or disorders.
- These drugs are called "orphan" because the pharmaceutical industry has little interest in developing and marketing products for a small number of patients.
Drug Classification
- Drugs can be classified into four categories:
- Based on pharmacological effects
- Based on chemical structure
- Based on therapeutic uses
- Based on legal classification
Therapeutic Index
- The therapeutic index (TI) is a measure of drug safety relative to its effectiveness.
- It compares the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity.
- A higher TI indicates that a drug is safer compared to a drug with a lower TI.
Margin of Safety
- The margin of safety (MOS) is the difference between the usual effective dose and the dose that causes severe or life-threatening side effects.
Potency vs Efficacy
- Potency refers to the concentration or amount of drug needed to produce a specific effect.
- Efficacy refers to the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug in humans.
Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug, focusing on the:
- Liberation (release of the API from the medication)
- Absorption (movement of the API into the body)
- Distribution (spread of the API throughout the body)
- Metabolism (chemical conversion of the API within the body)
- Excretion (removal of the API and its metabolites from the body)
Pregnancy Categories
- There are five pregnancy categories for drugs:
- Category A: Safe for use in pregnancy
- Category B: No evidence of risk in humans, some animal studies show risk
- Category C: Risk to the fetus cannot be ruled out
- Category D: Evidence of risk to the fetus, benefits may outweigh risks in certain situations
- Category X: Studies show teratogenic effects (harmful to the fetus). Contraindicated in pregnancy.
Factors Influencing Drug Response
- Several factors can influence how a drug is metabolized and the effect it has on a patient. These factors include:
- Weight
- Age
- Gender
- **Physiological factors (acid-base balance, hydration)
- **Pathological factors (GI disorders)
- Genetic factors
- Immunological factors (allergies)
- Psychological factors (attitude towards the drug)
- Environmental factors (temperature, sunlight)
- Tolerance
- Cumulation (taking more than the recommended dose)
- Drug interactions
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Description
Test your knowledge of drug names, including their generic and brand names. Understand the differences between chemical names, generic names, and how they are assigned. This quiz covers essential information for anyone interested in pharmacology and drug naming conventions.
