Podcast
Podcast
Podcast
Something went wrong
Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which reaction is an example of oxidation?
Which reaction is an example of oxidation?
- Conversion of CH₃CH₂OH to CH₃CH₂COOH (correct)
- Conversion of COOH to CH₃
- Conversion of NH₂ to N₂
- Formation of ester from COOH and OH
What is the product of hydrolysis of ester?
What is the product of hydrolysis of ester?
- CH₃ and COOH
- COOH and NH₂
- NH₂ and OH
- COOH and OH (correct)
What is the resulting functional group from the reduction of azo and nitro compounds?
What is the resulting functional group from the reduction of azo and nitro compounds?
- NH₂ (correct)
- COOH
- CH₃
- OH
What is the opposite reaction of hydrolysis of ester?
What is the opposite reaction of hydrolysis of ester?
What is the primary purpose of phase I drug metabolism reactions?
What is the primary purpose of phase I drug metabolism reactions?
What is the common feature among these reactions: oxidation of alcohols to acids, hydrolysis of ester and amides, and reduction of azo and nitro compounds?
What is the common feature among these reactions: oxidation of alcohols to acids, hydrolysis of ester and amides, and reduction of azo and nitro compounds?
Which of the following is NOT a type of phase I biotransformation reaction?
Which of the following is NOT a type of phase I biotransformation reaction?
What is the result of introducing a functional polar group into a xenobiotic molecule?
What is the result of introducing a functional polar group into a xenobiotic molecule?
What is the ultimate goal of phase I and phase II drug metabolism reactions?
What is the ultimate goal of phase I and phase II drug metabolism reactions?
Which of the following is an example of a functional polar group introduced during phase I drug metabolism reactions?
Which of the following is an example of a functional polar group introduced during phase I drug metabolism reactions?
What is the primary difference between phase I and phase II drug metabolism reactions?
What is the primary difference between phase I and phase II drug metabolism reactions?
What does the number in a cytochrome notation specify?
What does the number in a cytochrome notation specify?
What is the purpose of the capital letter in a cytochrome notation?
What is the purpose of the capital letter in a cytochrome notation?
What is the relationship between CYP1 and CYP1A?
What is the relationship between CYP1 and CYP1A?
What do CYP2A and CYP2B have in common?
What do CYP2A and CYP2B have in common?
What is the difference between CYP1B and CYP2B?
What is the difference between CYP1B and CYP2B?
What is the general naming convention for cytochrome enzymes?
What is the general naming convention for cytochrome enzymes?
What is the significance of the number at the end of the cytochrome name?
What is the significance of the number at the end of the cytochrome name?
What is the common prefix for all cytochrome enzymes?
What is the common prefix for all cytochrome enzymes?
What is the purpose of the numbering system for cytochrome enzymes?
What is the purpose of the numbering system for cytochrome enzymes?
What is the term for the family of enzymes that includes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19?
What is the term for the family of enzymes that includes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19?
What is the role of molecular oxygen in the mixed-function oxidase system?
What is the role of molecular oxygen in the mixed-function oxidase system?
What is the superfamily of enzymes responsible for transferring an oxygen atom to the substrate RH?
What is the superfamily of enzymes responsible for transferring an oxygen atom to the substrate RH?
What is the reducing agent required in the mixed-function oxidase system?
What is the reducing agent required in the mixed-function oxidase system?
What is the function of the NADPH-dependent CYP reductase?
What is the function of the NADPH-dependent CYP reductase?
What is the name of the heme portion of the CYP enzyme?
What is the name of the heme portion of the CYP enzyme?
Where is the CYP enzyme found in high concentrations?
Where is the CYP enzyme found in high concentrations?
What is the significance of the presence of CYP enzyme in other tissues?
What is the significance of the presence of CYP enzyme in other tissues?
What is the wavelength at which the reduced form of CYP enzyme has a distinguishing spectroscopic absorption maximum?
What is the wavelength at which the reduced form of CYP enzyme has a distinguishing spectroscopic absorption maximum?
What is formed when the reduced form of CYP enzyme binds with carbon monoxide?
What is formed when the reduced form of CYP enzyme binds with carbon monoxide?
What is the name of the enzyme system that requires both molecular oxygen and NADPH?
What is the name of the enzyme system that requires both molecular oxygen and NADPH?
Questions and Answers
Something went wrong
Flashcards
Flashcards
Oxidation Example
Oxidation Example
Conversion of CH₃CH₂OH to CH₃CH₂COOH.
Hydrolysis of Ester Product
Hydrolysis of Ester Product
Carboxylic acid (COOH) and alcohol (OH).
Reduction Product of Azo/Nitro Compounds
Reduction Product of Azo/Nitro Compounds
Amine group (NH₂).
Opposite Reaction of Ester Hydrolysis
Opposite Reaction of Ester Hydrolysis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purpose of Phase I Drug Metabolism
Purpose of Phase I Drug Metabolism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Common Feature of Reactions
Common Feature of Reactions
Signup and view all the flashcards
NOT a Phase I Biotransformation Reaction
NOT a Phase I Biotransformation Reaction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Result of Polar Group Introduction
Result of Polar Group Introduction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Goal of Drug Metabolism (Phases I & II)
Goal of Drug Metabolism (Phases I & II)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Example of Functional Polar Group
Example of Functional Polar Group
Signup and view all the flashcards
Difference Between Phase I and Phase II
Difference Between Phase I and Phase II
Signup and view all the flashcards
Number in Cytochrome Notation
Number in Cytochrome Notation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purpose of Capital Letter in Notation
Purpose of Capital Letter in Notation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Relationship Between CYP1 and CYP1A
Relationship Between CYP1 and CYP1A
Signup and view all the flashcards
What CYP2A and CYP2B Have in Common
What CYP2A and CYP2B Have in Common
Signup and view all the flashcards
Difference Between CYP1B and CYP2B
Difference Between CYP1B and CYP2B
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cytochrome Enzyme Naming
Cytochrome Enzyme Naming
Signup and view all the flashcards
Significance of Number at End
Significance of Number at End
Signup and view all the flashcards
Common Prefix
Common Prefix
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purpose of Numbering System
Purpose of Numbering System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Family of Enzymes
Family of Enzymes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Role of Molecular Oxygen
Role of Molecular Oxygen
Signup and view all the flashcards
Superfamily
Superfamily
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reducing Agent
Reducing Agent
Signup and view all the flashcards
Function of NADPH-dependent CYP reductase
Function of NADPH-dependent CYP reductase
Signup and view all the flashcards
Heme Portion
Heme Portion
Signup and view all the flashcards
CYP Enzyme Location
CYP Enzyme Location
Signup and view all the flashcards
CYP's Tissues Significance
CYP's Tissues Significance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Wavelength
Wavelength
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carbon Monoxide Binding
Carbon Monoxide Binding
Signup and view all the flashcards
Enzyme System
Enzyme System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Flashcards
Something went wrong
Study Notes
Study Notes
General Pathways of Drug Metabolism
- Drug metabolism reactions are divided into two categories: phase I (functionalization) and phase II (conjugation) reactions.
Phase I (Functionalization) Reactions
- Include oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic biotransformations.
- Introduce a functional polar group(s) (e.g., OH, COOH, NH2, SH) into the xenobiotic molecule to produce a more water-soluble compound.
- Achieved through:
- Oxidation of alcohols to acids.
- Hydrolysis of ester and amides to yield COOH, NH2, and OH groups.
- Reduction of azo and nitro compounds to give NH2 moieties.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzymes
- CYP enzymes are heme + proteins.
- The heme portion is an iron-containing porphyrin called protoporphyrin IX.
- The protein is called the apoprotein.
- CYP is found in high concentrations in the liver (the major organ involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics).
- Also present in other tissues (e.g., lung, kidney, intestine, skin, placenta, adrenal cortex) with drug-oxidizing capability.
Oxidation Reaction
- Requires both molecular oxygen and the reducing agent NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate).
- One atom of molecular oxygen (O2) is introduced into the substrate R-H to form R-OH.
- The other oxygen atom is incorporated into water.
- The reaction is catalyzed by the mixed-function oxidase system, which includes:
- CYP oxidase enzymes responsible for transferring an oxygen atom to the substrate RH.
- NADPH-dependent CYP reductase.
- NADH-linked cytochrome b5.
NADPH and NADH
- Supply the reducing equivalents (electrons) needed in the overall metabolic oxidation of foreign compounds.
- Help maintain the chemical balance of the reaction by providing the necessary electrons for reduction.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Study Notes
Something went wrong
