Drug Delivery through the Skin Quiz

What is the main purpose of suppositories?

Treating constipation and haemorrhoids

Which part of the body is NOT considered for suppository administration?

Oral cavity

Why is the anal route considered an excellent route for drug absorption?

It provides an alternative for patients with swallowing difficulties

What is the significance of checking the bioavailability of a suppository compared to a tablet?

To ensure proper drug dosage when swapping between the two forms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a commonly used suppository base?

Theobroma oil Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of most suppositories?

Local effects such as treating constipation or haemorrhoids Signup and view all the answers

Why is the anal route considered an excellent route for drug absorption?

It avoids the stomach and liver, allowing more drug to enter the system Signup and view all the answers

When swapping between a suppository and a tablet, what is important to check?

Bioavailability of the suppository compared to the tablet Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories are designed for oral administration.

False Signup and view all the answers

Suppository bases usually used include mixtures of polyethylene glycols.

True Signup and view all the answers

Most suppositories are prescribed for systemic effects.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a suppository and an insert?

Suppositories are inserted into the rectum, while inserts are inserted into other body cavities Signup and view all the answers

What makes rectal drug administration an attractive option compared to parenteral therapy?

Lower cost and fewer technical difficulties Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances does rectal administration become a good alternative to the oral route?

When the oral route is unsuitable due to nausea or vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a base in suppositories and inserts?

To melt, soften, or dissolve at body temperature to release the medicament Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories are only suitable for producing local action, and cannot produce a systemic effect

False Signup and view all the answers

Rectal administration is often the first choice for drug delivery due to its convenience

False Signup and view all the answers

Inserts can be inserted into the mouth or rectum

False Signup and view all the answers

The low cost and lack of technical difficulties make rectal drug administration unattractive compared to parenteral therapy

False Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pharmaceutical preparation can be administered via the rectum for local or systemic effect?

Solid unit dosage form Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a rectal product of interest for administration via the rectum?

Suppositories and related products ,Enemas Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of rectal products that may be administered for local or systemic effect?

Solid, liquid, and semisolid dosage forms Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential use of urethral suppositories?

As antimicrobials Signup and view all the answers

For what purpose can rectal suppositories be used systemically?

To relieve nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

In what way can vaginal suppositories be used?

As contraceptives Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using suppositories for drug administration?

Avoiding hepatic first pass effect Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario are suppositories particularly useful?

Patients with nausea or vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does the use of suppositories offer in pediatric patients?

Useful in children who refuse oral medication and fear injections Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories can administer large doses of drugs

True Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories are not useful in patients with nausea or vomiting

False Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories achieve rapid drug absorption

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of suppositories related to drug absorption?

Low fluid content available for drug dissolution Signup and view all the answers

Which factor limits the dosage flexibility of suppositories?

Lack of dosage flexibility Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of suppositories makes drug absorption susceptible to interruption?

Drug absorption may be interrupted by defecation Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories have high fluid content available for drug dissolution

False Signup and view all the answers

The lack of dosage flexibility is a disadvantage of suppositories

True Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories are not affected by anorectal pathology in terms of effectiveness

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of drug absorption for medicaments absorbed in the lower part of the rectum?

Directly into the systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the volume of rectal fluid have on the dissolution of a suppository base?

The volume is so small that complete dissolution of the base requires extra water Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of drug absorption in the rectum primarily?

Passive diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What leads to a painful sensation for the patient during the use of suppositories?

Osmotic effects of the dissolved base attracting water Signup and view all the answers

What does rectal absorption depend on?

Rectal physiology, drug physicochemical properties, nature of the suppository base Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences rectal drug absorption?

Nature of the suppository base Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical determinant for rectal drug absorption?

Drug physicochemical properties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological factor influencing drug absorption in the rectum?

Quantity of dissolution fluid available Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions does the absorption of slightly soluble drugs become dissolution rate limited in the rectum?

When the volume of dissolution fluid is very small under normal conditions Signup and view all the answers

What factor can lead to enlargement of the volume of dissolution fluid in non-physiological conditions, influencing drug absorption in the rectum?

Non-physiological conditions Signup and view all the answers

What has great effects on drug bioavailability in rectal administration?

Composition, viscosity, and pH of rectal fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the contents of the rectum that may influence drug absorption?

Faecal content Signup and view all the answers

What type of motility is observed in the colon during upright position?

Wave of contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between solubility and dissolution rate in rectal drug absorption?

Higher solubility leads to higher dissolution rate and better absorption Signup and view all the answers

How does particle size affect drug absorption in the rectum?

Smaller particle size leads to more rapid dissolution and greater chance for absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of alkaline pH on the ionization of basic drugs in rectal drug absorption?

At alkaline pH, basic drugs exist in their unionized form and are readily absorbed Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range of rectal content, and how does it affect drug absorption?

pH 7-8; alkaline drugs are quickly absorbed than acidic drugs Signup and view all the answers

How does the partition coefficient of a drug influence its absorption?

Higher partition coefficient leads to more readily absorption of the drug Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an alkaline pH have on the ionization of basic drugs in rectal drug absorption?

Increases ionization of basic drugs, enhancing their absorption Signup and view all the answers

What factor can lead to enlargement of the volume of dissolution fluid in non-physiological conditions, influencing drug absorption in the rectum?

Osmotic attraction of water by water-soluble base Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the contents of the rectum that may influence drug absorption?

Faecal content Signup and view all the answers

What type of motility is observed in the colon during upright position that may stimulate spreading and promote absorption in the rectum?

Waves of contractions running over the wall of the colon Signup and view all the answers

What has great effects on drug bioavailability in rectal administration?

Composition, viscosity, pH, and surface tension of rectal fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rectal valves?

To increase the surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

What controls the opening of the anus to the exterior?

Internal and external sphincters Signup and view all the answers

What is the terminal part of the rectum called?

Anal canal Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range of rectal fluids?

7.2-7.4 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of veins in the rectum contribute to direct systemic absorption?

Inferior rectal veins Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the presence of fecal matter have on drug absorption in the rectum?

Reduces drug absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of rectal mucous?

7.4 Signup and view all the answers

Which veins in the rectum connect with the hepatic portal system?

Inferior and superior haemorrhoidal veins Signup and view all the answers

How much mucous does the rectum contain under normal conditions?

3 to 4 ml Signup and view all the answers

Under normal conditions, the rectum emptying and filling provokes a defecation reflex which is under voluntary control.

True Signup and view all the answers

The rectum contains about 2 to 3 ml of mucous, which has a pH of 7.4 and little buffering capacity.

True Signup and view all the answers

Only the superior vein connects with the hepatic portal system.

True Signup and view all the answers

What effect does particle size have on drug dissolution and absorption?

Smaller particle size leads to larger surface area, faster dissolution, and better absorption Signup and view all the answers

How does the physicochemical property of a lipophilic drug in a hydrophilic base affect its release?

It is released more readily Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the partition coefficient have on the release of a lipophilic drug?

Higher partition coefficient leads to more rapid release Signup and view all the answers

What impact does an irritating suppository base have on drug absorption in the rectum?

Impaired or prevented drug absorption Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic must the base of a suppository have to release its drug for absorption?

Capable of melting, softening, or dissolving Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the base of a suppository interacting with the drug to inhibit its release?

Impaired or prevented drug absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a base in suppositories?

To slowly dissolve in the mucous secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rectal suppositories?

Producing local action Signup and view all the answers

What makes suppositories particularly useful?

For producing local action Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories are suitable for producing only local action, and cannot produce a systemic effect

False Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories may be used to produce a systemic effect or to exert a mechanical effect to facilitate emptying the lower bowel

True Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories are not suited for producing local action, and are only used for systemic effect

False Signup and view all the answers

An ideal suppository base should be non-toxic and non-irritating to sensitive and inflamed tissues

True Signup and view all the answers

An ideal suppository base should dissolve or disintegrate in the presence of mucous secretions or melt at body temperature to allow for uniform release of the medication

True Signup and view all the answers

If the base is fatty, its saponification value should range from 200 to 245

True Signup and view all the answers

An ideal suppository base should remain molten for a sufficient period of time to allow pouring into molds

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an ideal suppository base?

Easily manufactured by compression or molding Signup and view all the answers

What additional requirement is necessary for a fatty suppository base?

Saponification value ranges from 200 to 245 Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial property of the base for a suppository containing dispersed solids?

Solidify sufficiently rapidly to minimize sedimentation of dispersed solids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the base in a suppository?

To allow for uniform release of the medication Signup and view all the answers

What does the saponification value measure in a suppository base?

The bonded and unbonded acids present in an oil or fat Signup and view all the answers

What does the solidification point indicate about a suppository base?

The time required for the base to solidify when chilled in the mold Signup and view all the answers

Why is the melting range expressed as a range rather than a specific temperature for suppository bases?

Fats do not have sharp melting points Signup and view all the answers

What does the source of origin refer to in suppository bases?

Whether it is entirely natural, synthetic, or modified natural Signup and view all the answers

Suppository bases have a sharp melting point.

False Signup and view all the answers

The saponification value measures the bonded and unbonded acids present in an oil or fat.

True Signup and view all the answers

An ideal suppository base should remain molten for a sufficient period of time to allow pouring into molds.

True Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories are suitable for producing only local action, and cannot produce a systemic effect.

False Signup and view all the answers

Water number measures the amount of water in grams that can be incorporated in 100 grams of fat.

True Signup and view all the answers

High iodine values in fats can lead to rancidity due to increased decomposition by moisture, acids, and oxygen.

True Signup and view all the answers

The acid value measures the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acid in 1 gram of substance.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the iodine value measure in fats or other unsaturated materials?

The number of grams of iodine that react with 100 grams of the material Signup and view all the answers

What does the water number measure in fats?

The amount of water in grams that can be incorporated in 100 grams of fat Signup and view all the answers

What does the acid value measure in a substance?

The number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acid in 1 gram of substance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of suppository base melts at body temperature?

Cocoa butter Signup and view all the answers

What type of bases dissolve in body fluids for drug release?

PEG polymers Signup and view all the answers

Which base is a combination of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances?

PEG polymers Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories that melt at body temperature are made of glycerinated gelatin bases.

False Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories can be made of a combination of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cocoa butter is an example of a base that melts at body temperature.

True Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories are typically administered orally

False Signup and view all the answers

Suppositories may contain excipients such as lubricants and preservatives

True Signup and view all the answers

Suppository bases may be classified as oleaginous or water-soluble

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary requirements for a suitable basis for suppositories?

Melt at body temperature or dissolve in rectal mucus, contain suitable excipients Signup and view all the answers

How are suppository bases classified based on their physical properties?

Oleaginous (fatty) bases and water soluble or miscible bases Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of suppository base composition?

It determines the rate and extent of release of medications Signup and view all the answers

What is the melting range of cocoa butter, a common suppository base?

30-36 °C Signup and view all the answers

What type of crystals does cocoa butter exhibit when used as a suppository base?

Alpha and Beta crystals Signup and view all the answers

What effect do some substances have on the melting point of a fatty suppository base like cocoa butter?

Reduce the melting point Signup and view all the answers

Oleaginous suppository bases, like cocoa butter, exhibit polymorphism, forming alpha crystals with low melting point and beta crystals with higher melting point.

True Signup and view all the answers

Wax may be added to the suppository base to reduce its melting point.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cocoa butter, a common suppository base, melts at a temperature range of 30-36 °C.

True Signup and view all the answers

Oleaginous bases such as theobroma oil shrink significantly on solidification

False Signup and view all the answers

Theobroma oil exists in only one polymorphic form with a single melting point

False Signup and view all the answers

Theobroma oil should be heated at temperatures below 36 ºC to minimize the formation of unstable low melting point forms

True Signup and view all the answers

The addition of surfactants to theobroma oil may affect the release of drugs from suppositories

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended temperature for heating theobroma oil to minimize the formation of unstable low melting point forms?

Below 36 ºC Signup and view all the answers

What can be added to theobroma oil to raise its melting point back to the desired range?

Beeswax or spermaceti Signup and view all the answers

How can the absorptive capacity for water of theobroma oil be increased?

By adding surfactants such as cholesterol, emulsifying wax, polysorbates, or wool fat Signup and view all the answers

How can the oxidation of theobroma oil be partly overcome?

By storage in a cool, dark place Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using polyethylene glycols (PEGs) in suppositories?

To avoid melting at body temperature and leakage Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of glycerinated gelatin bases used in suppositories?

They dissolve slowly, leading to slow drug release Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of using water soluble / miscible bases in suppositories?

They may cause dehydration and irritation to rectal mucosa Signup and view all the answers

Water soluble / miscible bases dissolve quickly for rapid drug release

False Signup and view all the answers

Glycerinated gelatin bases are hygroscopic and may cause dehydration and irritation to rectal mucosa

True Signup and view all the answers

Polyethylene glycols with varying molecular weights are usually prepared with low melting PEGs to avoid melting at body temperature and leakage

False Signup and view all the answers

Suppository bases containing synthetic triglycerides do not exhibit polymorphism.

True Signup and view all the answers

Suppository bases containing synthetic triglycerides mainly contain unsaturated acids.

False Signup and view all the answers

Suppository bases containing synthetic triglycerides have advantages over cocoa butter in terms of polymorphism.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of synthetic triglycerides over cocoa butter in suppositories?

They do not exhibit polymorphism Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the acids present in synthetic triglycerides used in suppositories?

They mainly contain saturated acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of synthetic triglycerides used in suppositories?

Esterified, hydrogenated or fractionated vegetable oils Signup and view all the answers

Hand rolling or compression prepared using historic methods

True Signup and view all the answers

Molding (fusion) method is the most frequently used method for preparing suppositories

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the third step in the suppository molding process?

Pour the melt into molds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a base in suppositories?

To facilitate drug absorption and release Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in the process of molding suppositories?

Melt the base Signup and view all the answers

What factor alters the weight of suppositories prepared in the same mold with different bases?

The addition of medicinal agent Signup and view all the answers

What determines the volume of material a suppository mold can hold in each opening?

The density of the base Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of different bases affect the weight of suppositories prepared in the same mold?

It results in different weights due to varying densities Signup and view all the answers

What does physical analysis of suppositories include?

Visual examination, uniformity of weight, and melting range Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is covered under chemical testing of suppositories?

Analysis of the content and dissolution testing Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the physical analysis of suppositories?

Uniformity of weight and visual examination Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the pharmacopeia quality control procedures for suppositories?

Identification, assay, dissolution, water content, content uniformity Signup and view all the answers

What can compounded suppositories be checked for?

Calculations of theoretical and actual weight, weight variation, color Signup and view all the answers

What is a part of the quality control procedures for suppositories?

Content uniformity Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended storage condition for cocoa butter suppositories?

Refrigerator Signup and view all the answers

How does high humidity affect water soluble suppositories?

Causes softening Signup and view all the answers

Why are glycerinated gelatin suppositories packaged in tightly closed glass containers?

To prevent change in moisture content Signup and view all the answers

Why do most suppository formulations not contain preservatives or antioxidants?

Water is usually excluded from the formulations Signup and view all the answers

When may an appropriate preservative be indicated in a suppository formulation?

If water is present or the formulation may support the growth of microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Why are most suppository formulations free from antioxidants?

Water is usually excluded from the formulations Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with suppositories stored in the refrigerator before insertion?

Warm to room temperature Signup and view all the answers

How should bullet shaped suppositories be inserted?

Pointed end first Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for cocoa butter suppositories before insertion?

Rub gently with fingers to melt the surface Signup and view all the answers

Drug Delivery through the Skin Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of suppositories?

Which part of the body is NOT considered for suppository administration?

Why is the anal route considered an excellent route for drug absorption?

What is the significance of checking the bioavailability of a suppository compared to a tablet?

Which of the following is a commonly used suppository base?

What is the primary purpose of most suppositories?

Why is the anal route considered an excellent route for drug absorption?

When swapping between a suppository and a tablet, what is important to check?

Suppositories are designed for oral administration.

Suppository bases usually used include mixtures of polyethylene glycols.

Most suppositories are prescribed for systemic effects.

What is the primary difference between a suppository and an insert?

What makes rectal drug administration an attractive option compared to parenteral therapy?

Under what circumstances does rectal administration become a good alternative to the oral route?

What is the primary purpose of using a base in suppositories and inserts?

Suppositories are only suitable for producing local action, and cannot produce a systemic effect

Rectal administration is often the first choice for drug delivery due to its convenience

Inserts can be inserted into the mouth or rectum

The low cost and lack of technical difficulties make rectal drug administration unattractive compared to parenteral therapy

Which type of pharmaceutical preparation can be administered via the rectum for local or systemic effect?

Which of the following is a rectal product of interest for administration via the rectum?

What are the three types of rectal products that may be administered for local or systemic effect?

What is a potential use of urethral suppositories?

For what purpose can rectal suppositories be used systemically?

In what way can vaginal suppositories be used?

What is a key advantage of using suppositories for drug administration?

In what scenario are suppositories particularly useful?

What advantage does the use of suppositories offer in pediatric patients?

Suppositories can administer large doses of drugs

Suppositories are not useful in patients with nausea or vomiting

Suppositories achieve rapid drug absorption

What is a disadvantage of suppositories related to drug absorption?

Which factor limits the dosage flexibility of suppositories?

What aspect of suppositories makes drug absorption susceptible to interruption?

Suppositories have high fluid content available for drug dissolution

The lack of dosage flexibility is a disadvantage of suppositories

Suppositories are not affected by anorectal pathology in terms of effectiveness

What is the primary route of drug absorption for medicaments absorbed in the lower part of the rectum?

What effect does the volume of rectal fluid have on the dissolution of a suppository base?

What is the process of drug absorption in the rectum primarily?

What leads to a painful sensation for the patient during the use of suppositories?

What does rectal absorption depend on?

Which factor significantly influences rectal drug absorption?

What is a critical determinant for rectal drug absorption?

What is the primary physiological factor influencing drug absorption in the rectum?

Under what conditions does the absorption of slightly soluble drugs become dissolution rate limited in the rectum?

What factor can lead to enlargement of the volume of dissolution fluid in non-physiological conditions, influencing drug absorption in the rectum?

What has great effects on drug bioavailability in rectal administration?

What is a key component of the contents of the rectum that may influence drug absorption?

What type of motility is observed in the colon during upright position?

What is the relationship between solubility and dissolution rate in rectal drug absorption?

How does particle size affect drug absorption in the rectum?

What is the impact of alkaline pH on the ionization of basic drugs in rectal drug absorption?

What is the pH range of rectal content, and how does it affect drug absorption?

How does the partition coefficient of a drug influence its absorption?

What effect does an alkaline pH have on the ionization of basic drugs in rectal drug absorption?

What factor can lead to enlargement of the volume of dissolution fluid in non-physiological conditions, influencing drug absorption in the rectum?

What is a key component of the contents of the rectum that may influence drug absorption?

What type of motility is observed in the colon during upright position that may stimulate spreading and promote absorption in the rectum?

What has great effects on drug bioavailability in rectal administration?

What is the primary function of the rectal valves?

What controls the opening of the anus to the exterior?

What is the terminal part of the rectum called?

What is the pH range of rectal fluids?

Which type of veins in the rectum contribute to direct systemic absorption?

What effect does the presence of fecal matter have on drug absorption in the rectum?

What is the pH of rectal mucous?

Which veins in the rectum connect with the hepatic portal system?

How much mucous does the rectum contain under normal conditions?

Under normal conditions, the rectum emptying and filling provokes a defecation reflex which is under voluntary control.

The rectum contains about 2 to 3 ml of mucous, which has a pH of 7.4 and little buffering capacity.

Only the superior vein connects with the hepatic portal system.

What effect does particle size have on drug dissolution and absorption?

How does the physicochemical property of a lipophilic drug in a hydrophilic base affect its release?

What impact does the partition coefficient have on the release of a lipophilic drug?

What impact does an irritating suppository base have on drug absorption in the rectum?

What characteristic must the base of a suppository have to release its drug for absorption?

What is the consequence of the base of a suppository interacting with the drug to inhibit its release?