Drug Delivery for Analgesia: Opioid Focus

<p>Ethylcellulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water enters through a semi-permeable membrane and dissolves the drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a barrier to liquid ingress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is composed of drug-coated sugar spheres or pellets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erosion of the polymer coating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining plasma concentration within therapeutic levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption through the oral mucosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological factors including pH, enzyme activity, and transit rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elimination of variability in absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric and intestinal motility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow drug clearance from the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion through lipid channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releases the drug at a constant rate over 12-24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accidental poisoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased tablet size and difficulty in swallowing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possible overdose due to cumulative effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sublingual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High solubility without dissolution issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and PEG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By maintaining therapeutic drug levels without peaks and troughs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipophilicity of the drug (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmotic pumps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-site specific absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For fast absorption and rapid onset of action (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations in release mechanisms and profiles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unpredictable absorption and first pass metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced dosing frequency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control the rate of drug release through osmotic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the drug's absorption through the epidermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid disintegration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A drug delivery system that releases the medication slowly over an extended period, maintaining therapeutic levels.

A general term for drug delivery systems that release drugs at a controlled rate.

A drug delivery system that releases a drug slowly over an extended period.

Drug delivery directly into the bloodstream.

Drug delivery under the tongue (sublingual) or in the cheek (buccal).

Drug absorption through the skin.

The outermost layer of the epidermis (skin), acting as a barrier to drug absorption.

Partition coefficient; measure of how well a drug dissolves in fat versus water.

Drug delivery system where the matrix is water-loving.

Drug delivery system where the matrix is not water soluble.

Drug delivery system that uses a semi-permeable membrane to control drug release.

Drug delivery system that uses osmosis to create a pressure gradient that drives drug release.

Pain that occurs despite ongoing treatment.

Giving a drug less often.

Patient's adherence to treatment.

Drug metabolism in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.

Physiological factors like stomach acid, enzymes, and gut transit times can affect how quickly the medicine is released and absorbed; also, the dosage form may have a limited time in the gastrointestinal tract (no more than 24 hours).

If the medicine's therapeutic index is narrow, slowing down its removal from the body can cause prolonged and potentially dangerous effects.

Chewing or breaking extended-release pills, especially those with a high drug content, can lead to accidental overdose and potential fatality.

Extended-release tablets/capsules are often large, which can make swallowing more difficult.

Making extended-release pills with lower inactive ingredients can be harder than making regular pills, especially if there's a high amount of active medicine.

Even when extended-release products are intended to have the same effect, different technologies for release mechanism and time can cause differences in actual medicine release.

The time it takes drugs to pass through the stomach (≈30 mins - 4 hours), small intestine(≈ 3-5 hours), and large intestine(≈12-72 hours).

Particles in extended-release pills rapidly leave the stomach, but larger ( > 7 mm) may stay for up to 10 hours.

A highly soluble drug absorbs easily, promoting passive diffusion. Drugs with low permeability might not be suitable for extended-release formulation.

Hydrophilic matrix tablets rely on gel erosion and diffusion while insoluble polymer ones rely on diffusion through a non dissolving polymer scaffold or lipid matrix and lipid digestion.

A drug delivery system where the drug is embedded in a matrix made of an insoluble polymer like ethylcellulose or polymethacrylate. The drug diffuses through a network of tiny channels in the matrix, controlling release.

The process where a hydrophilic matrix absorbs water and expands, creating a barrier that controls drug release.

The gradual breakdown of the hydrophilic matrix as it dissolves in the gastrointestinal tract, releasing the drug.

The pressure created inside an osmotic pump as water enters the core, forcing the drug out through the hole.

A drug delivery system that uses multiple tiny drug-containing particles coated with a membrane. This approach provides controlled release by increasing the overall surface area.

Water enters through the membrane, dissolves the drug inside, and then the drug diffuses through the membrane at a controlled rate.

Extended release formulations help maintain therapeutic drug levels over a longer period, minimizing fluctuations in pain relief and improving patient comfort.