Drug Class Mechanisms of Action

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a direct cholinergic agonist?

Aspirin

Statin

Pilocarpine (correct)

Gemfibrozil

When would you use a bile acid binding resin?

Prescribed in combination with statin to help lower LDL levels.

What is the MOA of bile acid binding resins?

Binds to bile acids in the intestine to prevent their reabsorption.

Gemfibrozil affects and ; does not affect

VLDL and triglycerides; does not affect HDL Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of gemfibrozil?

Binds to PPAR-alpha and increases the activity of lipoprotein lipase. Signup and view all the answers

What do HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors do?

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme used for the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Signup and view all the answers

What are three types of anti-hyperlipidemic agents?

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, Fibric Acid, Bile Acid Binding Resin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of dipyridamole prescribed?

Aggrenox (aspirin + dipyridamole). Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of dipyridamole?

Inhibits adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase, resulting in the accumulation of cAMP and adenosine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of clopidogrel?

Inhibits the ADP receptor on platelet cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of warfarin?

Vitamin K antagonist that interferes with clotting factors 2, 7, 9, and 10. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are anticoagulants? (Select all that apply)

Clopidogrel (Plavix) Signup and view all the answers

What are the side effects of amiodarone?

NAION, whorl keratopathy, anterior subcapsular lens deposits. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of potassium-sparing diuretics? (Select all that apply)

Triamterene Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of ACE inhibitors?

Prevent formation of angiotensin II by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme. Signup and view all the answers

List some side effects of topiramate.

Blurred vision, diplopia, nystagmus. Signup and view all the answers

What are SNRIs?

Effexor, Cymbalta. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of cyclobenzaprine?

Decreases voluntary muscle motor activity by inhibiting tonic activity of alpha and gamma motor neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of metaproterenol?

Selective B2 agonist; no longer used due to cardiovascular side effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are cholinergic antagonist drops? (Select all that apply)

Homatropine Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of anti-herpes medications?

DNA polymerase inhibitors. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four mechanisms of antibiotics?

<ol> <li>Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis 2. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis 3. Interfering with bacterial DNA (folic acid synthesis) 4. DNA gyrase Inhibitors</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are cell wall inhibitors? (Select all that apply)

Cephalosporins Signup and view all the answers

What are DNA gyrase inhibitors?

Fluoroquinolones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of ribavirin?

Inhibits viral RNA polymerase in combination with interferon to treat Hepatitis C. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of retrovir?

Potent inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of Tamiflu?

Inhibits neuraminidase to prevent the release of virus from the host cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of ethambutol?

Inhibits synthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall by inhibiting arabinosyl transferase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of isoniazid?

Prevents cell wall synthesis by inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOA of rifampin?

Prevents mRNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are TB medications? (Select all that apply)

Pyrazinamide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are folic acid inhibitors? (Select all that apply)

Trimethoprim Signup and view all the answers

What are 50S subunit inhibitors?

Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Clindamycin, Lincomycin. Signup and view all the answers

What are tetracyclines?

Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline. Signup and view all the answers

What are aminoglycosides?

Tobramycin, Gentamycin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two subtypes of 30S subunit inhibitors?

Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclines. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Direct Cholinergic Agonists

Include Pilocarpine, Acetylcholine, Bethanechol, and Carbachol.
Target cholinergic receptors, mimicking acetylcholine.

Bile Acid Binding Resin Use

Prescribed in combination with statins.
Helps lower LDL cholesterol levels.

Bile Acid Binding Resin MOA

Binds bile acids in the intestine.
Prevents reabsorption, leading to decreased cholesterol levels.

Gemfibrozil Effects

Lowers VLDL and triglyceride levels.
Does not affect HDL cholesterol.

Gemfibrozil MOA

Binds to PPAR-alpha.
Increases lipoprotein lipase activity, leading to VLDL breakdown.

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors MOA

Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase.
Lowers LDL and triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol.

Types of Anti-Hyperlipidemic Agents

Include HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, Fibric Acid, and Bile Acid Binding Resins.

Dipyridamole

Most common form prescribed is Aggrenox (aspirin + dipyridamole).

Dipyridamole MOA

Inhibits adenosine deaminase and phosphodiesterase.
Accumulates cAMP and adenosine, inhibiting platelet aggregation and promoting vasodilation.

Clopidogrel MOA

Inhibits ADP receptor on platelet membranes.
Essential for platelet aggregation and clot formation.

Warfarin MOA

Acts as a vitamin K antagonist.
Interferes with clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

Anticoagulants

Includes Warfarin (Coumadin), Clopidogrel (Plavix), and Dipyridamole (Persantine).

Amiodarone Side Effects

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).
Whorl keratopathy and anterior subcapsular lens deposits.

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Examples include Spironolactone and Triamterene.

ACE Inhibitor MOA

Prevents formation of angiotensin II.
Inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Topiramate Side Effects

Can cause blurred vision, diplopia, and nystagmus.
Associated with choroidal swelling, leading to myopic shift and potential secondary angle closure glaucoma.

SNRIs

Key examples include Effexor and Cymbalta.

Cyclobenzaprine MOA

Decreases voluntary muscle motor activity.
Inhibits tonic activity of alpha and gamma motor neurons.

Metaproterenol MOA

A selective B2 agonist.
No longer used due to cardiovascular side effects.

Cholinergic Antagonist Drops

Include Atropine, Scopolamine, Homatropine, Cyclopentolate, and Tropicamide.

Anti-Herpes Medications MOA

Act as DNA polymerase inhibitors.

Antibiotic Mechanisms

Include inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis disruption, interference with bacterial DNA (folic acid synthesis), and DNA gyrase inhibitors.

Cell Wall Inhibitors

Include penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, and bacitracin.

DNA Gyrase Inhibitors

Represented by fluoroquinolones.

Ribavirin MOA

Inhibits viral RNA polymerase combined with interferon to treat hepatitis C.

Retrovir MOA

Inhibits viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase).

Tamiflu MOA

Inhibits neuraminidase, preventing viral release from host cells.

Ethambutol MOA

Inhibits synthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall by blocking arabinosyl transferase.

Isoniazid MOA

Prevents cell wall synthesis by inhibiting mycolic acid formation.

Rifampin MOA

Inhibits mRNA synthesis by binding to the beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Tuberculosis Medications

Include Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.

Folic Acid Inhibitors

Consist of Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, and Pyrimethamine.

50S Subunit Inhibitors

Include Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Clindamycin, and Lincomycin.

Tetracyclines

Key examples include Tetracycline, Doxycycline, and Minocycline.

Aminoglycosides

Include Tobramycin and Gentamycin.

30S Subunit Inhibitors

Primarily represented by Aminoglycosides; further specifics not provided.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of action for various drug classes, including cholinergic agonists and bile acid binding resins. This quiz features key terms and definitions that are essential for understanding pharmacology. Perfect for students studying pharmacology or healthcare professionals looking to refresh their memory.