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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of a Non-Dispersed mud system?
What is the purpose of adding lignite and other chemicals in Dispersed mud systems?
What is the function of hydrated lime, gypsum, and calcium chloride in Calcium-Treated mud systems?
What is the characteristic of a saturated salt mud system?
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What is the type of Oil-Based mud system where oil is the continuous phase and water is the dispersed phase?
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What is the purpose of adding emulsifiers in drilling mud systems?
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What is the primary function of dry air or gas injection in drilling mud systems?
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What is the purpose of using chemical detergents and polymers in foam drilling?
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What is the primary characteristic of workover mud systems?
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What is the typical composition of workover mud systems?
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Study Notes
Drilling Fluid Classification Systems
- Non-Dispersed Mud System: used in shallower portions of a well
- Comprises of spud muds, natural muds, and lightly treated systems
Dispersed Mud Systems
- Used in deeper wells or where viscosity problems occur
- Treatments include deflocculants and filtrate reducers
- Main dispersed mud is lignosulfonate system, with additives like lignite and chemicals to maintain mud properties
Calcium-Treated Mud Systems
- Uses calcium and magnesium to inhibit clay/shale hydration
- Main components: hydrated lime, gypsum, and calcium chloride
Polymer Mud Systems
- Polymers are long-chained, high molecular-weight compounds
- Used to increase viscosity, flocculate clays, reduce filtrate, and stabilize borehole
- Bio-polymers and cross-linked polymers with good shear-thinning properties are also used
Low Solids Mud System
- Controls solids content and type
- Total solids should not exceed 6% to 10%
- Clay content should not be higher than 3%
- Drilled solids to bentonite ratio should be less than 2:1
Saturated Salt Mud Systems
- Chloride content: 189,000 ppm
- Saltwater systems: chloride content ranges from 6,000 to 189,000 ppm
- Muds can be prepared with fresh or salt water, then sodium chloride or other salts are added
- Attapulgite clay, CMC, or starch is added to maintain viscosity
Oil-Based Mud Systems
- Two types: invert emulsion (water-in-oil mud) and emulsion muds (oil-in-water mud)
- Emulsifiers are added to control rheological properties
Air, Mist, Foam-Based Mud Systems
- Four types: dry air or gas injection, mist drilling, foam drilling, and aerated fluids
- Used for lower hydrostatic pressure and to remove cuttings
Workover Mud Systems
- Also called completion fluids
- Designed to minimize formation damage, be compatible with acidizing and fracturing fluids, and reduce clay/shale hydration
- Usually highly treated brines and blended salt fluids
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Description
Learn about different types of drilling fluid classification systems, including non-dispersed and dispersed systems, and their applications in drilling wells.
