Dracunculiasis Lifecycle and Etymology Quiz

<p>She slowly migrates towards the body surface, typically in the lower limbs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enable the female worm to release larvae into the water, infecting copepods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the onset of the rainy season, when stagnant surface water accumulates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stagnant ponds and pools in drying riverbeds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flowing nature, which reduces copepod concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulties arise in the final stages of eradication, often in non-human mammal populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact with contaminated water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesenteric vein system near the gut. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200-3,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In faeces or urine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6-7 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miracidium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A few hours. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cercaria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive phototropism and chemoattractants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foodborne trematodiases and Taeniasis and cysticercosis and scabies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>43% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>WASH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>122 Million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antimicrobial resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By altering the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To minimize false positives and increase the reliability of positive results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide an animal reservoir for the disease, making eradication more difficult. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By creating environments with poor sanitation and limited healthcare access, favoring disease transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widespread use of insecticides for vector control promoting resistance development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proportion of people with the disease who test positive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary bacterial infections and potential complications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Properly cook fish and other aquatic animals before eating them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guinea worm cloth filter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repairing broken safe water sources like hand-pumps. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The year the Guinea worm eradication program began. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chad (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The zoonotic nature of the disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-inflammatory medication and antibiotic ointment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>historical under-prioritization by pharmaceutical companies due to limited commercial viability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2007, to consolidate various disease-specific initiatives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>galvanize political attention and resource mobilization for a set of historically marginalized diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>effective control and potential elimination based on transmission dynamics and treatment availability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protozoa and Helminths (parasitic worms - implied) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chagas disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egg secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Katayama syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Host's immune response to eggs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>14-84 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver cirrhosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood in stools and diarrhea (A), Hepatosplenomegaly and chronic ill health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bladder cancer and cognitive impairment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes fatigue and impacts learning ability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Female genital schistosomiasis and increased HIV risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By 2 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatosplenomegaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved respiratory function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of specific snail species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bladder cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction in deaths and DALY burden (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cercariae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disability Adjusted Life Years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Finding a snail host (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in schistosomiasis-related mortality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 90% reduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onchocerciasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leishmaniasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leprosy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dracunculiasis and Yaws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eliminated as a public health problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Global elimination as a public health problem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75% reduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substantial portion of individuals without the disease will receive a false positive result. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political instability hinders access to healthcare and resources, while climate change alters disease epidemiology and spreads vector-borne NTDs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relatively low, as false positives are expected to be substantially more common than true positives in the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the effectiveness of readily available control measures, necessitating the development of new treatments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes eradication more challenging, as NTDs can persist in animal populations and re-infect humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High specificity limits the number of false positives, a critical factor when true positives are rare making false positives proportionally more common. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As disease incidence falls, there are fewer true positives, and a higher specificity is prioritized to reduce false positives, which disproportionately skew positive results. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement and displacement can cause introduction or reintroduction, especially in settings with poor sanitation, limited healthcare access, and temporary housing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diseases that primarily affect impoverished populations with limited healthcare access.

A key strategy in NTD control that involves providing treatment to at-risk populations to prevent disease.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene; essential services for health and disease prevention.

Over 1.5 million deaths annually due to preventable diarrheal illnesses caused by poor water and sanitation.

Strategies aimed at combating disease-carrying organisms like mosquitoes.

A line in diagnostic tests indicating the presence of an antigen and labelled antibodies.

True Positive Rate; proportion of true positives that test positive.

True Negative Rate; proportion of true negatives that test negative.

Low disease incidence can reduce the probability of true positives despite high sensitivity and specificity.

Political issues can disrupt funding and governance for NTD interventions.

Alters the spread of vector-borne diseases such as dengue and chikungunya.

The ability of microbes to resist the effects of drugs, complicating disease control.

Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, often from animal reservoirs.

A genus of parasitic worms known to cause schistosomiasis in humans.

A groove in the male Schistosoma worm where the female resides during mating.

Refers to the paired state of male and female Schistosoma worms during migration.

Structures that help male Schistosoma attach to blood vessels inside the host.

Schistosoma worms can live for several years within their host.

A disease caused by parasitic helminth worms (blood flukes).

The organism where the parasite reaches maturity and reproduces, like humans.

Organisms (like snails) that host the larval stage of the parasite.

The lifecycle of schistosomiasis in humans lasts around 6 to 7 weeks.

The hatchling stage of schistosomiasis that must find a snail host quickly.

The larval stage shed by snails that swim and penetrate skin to infect hosts.

Female schistosomes can lay between 200-3,000 eggs per day in the blood.

Humans become infected through contact with water contaminated with schistosome eggs.

Humans excrete schistosomiasis eggs in feces or urine, depending on species.

Behavior of cercaria larvae where they swim towards light sources to find hosts.

A parasitic infection caused by the Guinea worm, leading to painful lesions.

Infections that occur due to the presence of another infection, like the Guinea worm.

Measures taken to stop the contamination of water sources by infected individuals.

Initiative started in 1980 aimed at eliminating Guinea worm disease.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene programs aimed at improving water safety.

A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans, like dracunculiasis.

Water supplies that are free from contaminants, crucial in prevention.

Tiny crustaceans that can carry Guinea worm larvae, posing a risk to drinking water.

A parasitic worm known as Guinea worm, historically linked to biblical references.

Infection occurs when water containing copepods is consumed, leading to worm maturation in the body.

Ingested copepods die in the stomach, releasing larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall.

A blister forms on the skin as the female worm migrates to the surface, causing pain.

Primarily affects impoverished communities lacking clean drinking water, especially stagnant sources.

In dry regions, infections peak during the rainy season due to stagnant water availability.

The symbol of a physician, often confused with the staff of Hermes, symbolizes healing and medicine.

Persian physicians in the 9th century used manual techniques to remove Dracunculus medinensis from patients.

NTDs include diseases like Buruli ulcer, leprosy, and Chagas disease.

WHO designated 20 NTDs to unify efforts and increase attention and funding for their control.

Many NTDs are caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

Examples of NTDs caused by parasitic worms include schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis.

NTDs can be controlled through treatments, preventive measures, and vector control efforts.

NTDs primarily occur in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

The term 'Neglected Tropical Diseases' was coined to raise awareness and support for affected populations.

The process of reducing disease incidence and maintaining low levels in populations.

Nearly eradicated with only 54 cases reported in 2019.

Global decline in leprosy cases; most countries achieved elimination criteria.

43% reduction in the population needing treatment, with 17 countries achieving elimination.

Targets for 2030 include a 90% reduction in people needing NTD interventions.

Dracunculiasis and Yaws are set for eradication efforts by 2030.

Status of Leptospirosis in urban areas indicates ongoing public health challenges.

Many NTD targets for 2020 remain unmet, highlighting ongoing health gaps.

Elimination as a public health problem achieved in 10 countries.

Aim to eliminate dog-mediated rabies in several regions, including Mexico.

Proportion of true cases that test positive; also called sensitivity.

Proportion of true cases that test negative; also called specificity.

The ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease.

The ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease.

Changes in climate can alter the spread of vector-borne diseases.

Infective forms are highly active and can move rapidly, such as Miracidium using cilia.

Schistosomiasis is found in 51 countries across Asia, Africa, and parts of South America, affecting 240 million people.

Approximately 779 million people are at risk of schistosomiasis, predominantly in Africa.

Schistosomiasis caused 55,000 deaths in 2000 and 24,000 in 2016, due to better treatment availability.

In 2000, schistosomiasis caused 4.3 million DALYs; this dropped to 2.5 million in 2016.

Schistosomiasis ranks second after malaria for parasitic diseases in terms of prevalence.

An acute phase of schistosomiasis with symptoms like fever and cough.

Weakness, fatigue, and abdominal pain caused by immune response to schistosome eggs.

Inflammatory response around schistosome eggs leading to tissue damage.

Process where schistosome eggs are laid, contributing to immune response.

Scarring and damage in organs due to trapped schistosome eggs and inflammation.

Signs include blood in urine and burning during urination.

Long-term impact includes chronic health issues like bladder cancer.

Infection that can complicate pregnancy and increase HIV risk.

Swelling of the liver and spleen often seen in severe infections.

Linkage to cognitive impairment, growth stunting, and chronic illness.

In endemic areas, children commonly become infected by age 2.

Symptoms may include irregular bowel movements and blood in stools.

Infections are associated with cognitive impairment and lost schooling.