DPT 452 Functional Neuroscience Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the ability of neurons to adapt and change in response to different stimuli?

Neuroplasticity (correct)

Habituation

Neurodevelopment

Synaptic Efficiency

Which of the following is NOT an example of neuroplasticity?

Motor learning in adults

Cellular recovery after injury

Static structural changes without function (correct)

Habituation and sensitization

Which process illustrates the principle 'neurons that fire together wire together'?

Neurodevelopment during childhood

Recovery after brain injury

Weakly activated synapses losing their connection

Learning through new information (correct)

What changes can occur in the nervous system as a result of neuroplasticity?

Physiological, anatomical, and behavioral changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Hebb's hypothesis regarding synaptic plasticity?

Synapses are weakened when the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are out of sync. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the course DPT 452 Functional Neuroscience?

Neuroplasticity and motor learning Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is closely related to recovery of function in motor learning?

Feedback mechanisms in neural processes Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a component of optimizing motor learning during treatment sessions?

Using complex tasks without practice Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of neuroplasticity is highlighted in the definition provided by Leonard (1998)?

The dynamic and adaptable nature of the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What do 'implicit and explicit processes' refer to in the context of motor learning?

Cognitive vs. automatic learning methods Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key outcomes of long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Growth of new connections Signup and view all the answers

What role does synaptic competition play in neural connectivity?

Inputs vie for synaptic control of a neuron. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT important in associative learning?

Presence of visual cues Signup and view all the answers

How does procedural learning differ from other types of learning?

It involves trial and error methods. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of synaptic stabilization?

Neurons firing together during a critical period Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a decreased response?

Habituation Signup and view all the answers

Which concept relates to how well skills learned in one context transfer to another?

Generalizability Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a set of internal processes associated with practice leading to lasting change in skilled behavior?

Motor learning Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes explicit learning in the context of motor skills?

It develops a memory of factual knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes implicit learning?

A process of acquiring skills without conscious awareness. Signup and view all the answers

According to Schmidt's Schema Theory, what is stored in short term memory after a movement?

The initial condition, parameters, outcome, and sensory consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of ecological theory in motor learning?

To enhance the coordination between perception and action. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of variable practice in both motor learning theories?

It strengthens motor learning by exposing learners to different conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What does knowledge of performance (KP) refer to in motor learning?

Information regarding the quality and execution of the movement. Signup and view all the answers

How do explicit and implicit systems interact in motor learning?

Both systems can be utilized simultaneously, enhancing learning. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of Schmidt's schema theory?

Knowledge of performance. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes performance from learning?

Performance is observable behavior, while learning involves internal mental processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines 'retention' in motor learning?

A measure of learning that requires time delay to assess. Signup and view all the answers

What role does attention play in the encoding process?

It requires a significant consumption of neural resources. Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves structural changes in neurons?

Consolidation Signup and view all the answers

What best describes transfer in motor learning?

Performing a task in a condition that was not previously practiced. Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of learning are identified in the content?

Explicit and implicit learning. Signup and view all the answers

How is performance characterized during early trials of a learning process?

Subject to fatigue and anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in procedural memory?

Basal ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of implicit learning?

It is often learned without conscious awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sensory processing and memory consolidation?

Sensory processing is critical for successful memory consolidation. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course Title: DPT 452 Functional Neuroscience
Course Term: Fall 2024
Instructor: Anne K. Galgon PT PhD NCS
Key Topics: motor learning/neuroplasticity, neural mechanisms of postural control, neural mechanisms of locomotion, motor control and upper extremity (UE) movement

Course Schedule

Today and Monday (11/18): motor learning/neuroplasticity
Wednesday (11/20): Neural mechanisms of postural control; Quiz 3 (motor control and UE)
Thanksgiving break
Monday (12/1) after Thanksgiving: Motor learning lab (last assignment)
11/15-12/30 after Thanksgiving: Neural mechanisms of locomotion
Wednesday (12/4): Review class; Quiz 4 (motor learning)
Final Exam (12/11)

Course Objectives

Students will understand the principles of neuroplasticity related to motor learning.
Students will identify motor learning principles and apply them to improve motor skill performance.
Students will learn and apply the components for optimizing motor learning during treatment sessions.
Students will define functional recovery and how motor learning relates to it.

Topics

Physiological Basis for Learning
Neuroplasticity (SC&W pp 80-90)
Motor Learning (Definitions/Terms, Implicit/Explicit processes, Theories)
Task-oriented approach
Stages of Learning
Motor Learning Practice Parameters

Neuroplasticity

The nervous system is not static; it is continuously reshaped by environmental needs and demands.
Neuroplasticity is present throughout life, but its degree doesn't match changes in young animals.
Neuroplasticity occurs during neurodevelopment (childhood), learning (motor learning in adults), and recovery after injury (brain or musculoskeletal).
Neurons change their function, chemical profile, or structure over time.
Examples include habituation/sensitization, learning/memory, and cellular recovery after injury.
Neuroplastic changes are seen in the parallel continuum of learning (short-term and long-term).

Definition of Neuroplasticity

A general term for the nervous system's ability to adapt and change.
Includes changes in physiology (nerve thresholds, conduction velocity, and synaptic efficiency), anatomical morphology (structure and connectivity), and behavior (learning/recovery of function).

Rules of Synaptic Plasticity (Hebb's Hypotheses)

When a presynaptic axon is active, and the postsynaptic neuron is strongly activated by other inputs—the presynaptic axon is strengthened. “Neurons that fire together, wire together.”
When the presynaptic axon is active, and the postsynaptic neuron is weakly activated by other inputs—the synapse is weakened. “Neurons that fire out of sync, lose their link.”

Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are changes in the effectiveness of presynaptic neurons and excitability of postsynaptic neurons.
Synaptogenesis is the creation of new connections.

Experience-Dependent Plasticity

Motor skill acquisition leads to neuronal-level changes (e.g., greater amounts of cortex, increases in synapses, changes in dendritic spine growth, changes in axon arborisation).

Activity-Dependent Synaptic Rearrangement

Synaptic segregation: Neurons firing together strengthen function.
Synaptic convergence: Convergence of input—visual environment influences development and inputs compete synaptic control of post-synaptic neuron.
Modulatory influences: Paying attention to cues (identification) is critical

Two Forms of Long-Term Memory

Explicit (declarative): Facts, events, medial temporal lobe areas, sensory association cortex, hippocampus, and reflex pathways
Implicit (nondeclarative): Nonassociative learning (habituation, sensitization), associative learning (classical/operant conditioning), procedural (skills, habits), emotional responses (amygdala), skeletal musculature, cerebellum, deep cerebellar nuclei, and premotor cortex

Habituation and Sensitization

Sensory information results in either increased or decreased motor response
Repetition and intensity of stimulus influence motor response

Associative Learning

Classical and operant conditioning.
Long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) describes cooperative presynaptic and postsynaptic depolarization, pairing weak stimuli with a stronger one will strengthen that weak effect.

Procedural Learning

More complex (motor cortex and cerebellar).
Learning through trial and error and adaptation.
Paradigms like the Gilbert and Thatch (1977) monkey experiment, where monkeys learned to return a lever to central position and changes in unexpected loading.
Includes VOR and prism glasses paradigms.

Cerebellar Control of Motor Adaptation

Motor Learning Terms

Performance: Temporary change in motor behavior seen during practice, not a measure of true learning
Retention: True measure of learning after a period of time
Transfer (generalization): Ability to perform in a new condition not previously practiced.

Performance and Learning

Performance is observed/measurable behavior sensitive to "state" variables (e.g., fatigue, anxiety, motivation).
Learning is an internal mental process—observed through repeated performances, and generalizable under various conditions.

Two Types of Learning and Memory

Explicit learning (declarative) – conscious
Implicit learning (nondeclarative) – unconscious

Memory Processes (Explicit Learning)

Four Types of Processing: Encoding (attention to neural circuitry), Consolidation (information stability in long-term memory and structural changes in neurons), Storage (long-term memory), and Retrieval (info from different LTM storage areas using working/short-term memory—attention and rehearsal).

Encoding and Retrieval

Steps in learning that include sensory processing, selective attention to encode information, short/long term memory, working memory, response selection/programming, and response execution.

Attention

Attention is a limited resource.
Attention is compartmentalized by function (different functions require parts of our attention).

Memory and Learning (Diagram)

Organizational diagram showing connections between different areas of the brain related to memory and learning (association cortex, prefrontal cortex, sensory motor cortex, limbic cortex, basal ganglia, motor cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus).

Schmidt Schema Theory

After movement; the individual stores short-term memory of initial condition, parameters of the generalized motor program (invariant features), the outcome of the movement (knowledge of results), and the sensory consequence of the movement.
Storing short term memory long enough creates two schemas: recall schema (motor) and recognition schema (sensory).
Variable (different conditions) practices improve learning of generalized motor program.

Ecological Theory (Newell)

Motor learning is related to the coordination between perception and action, including practicing in perceptual workspaces and environmental exploration for learning regulatory cues to develop motor solutions.

Big Concepts

Explicit and implicit learning processes are actively used by the individual in motor learning.
Motor learning theories support the use of instruction, knowledge of results (KR), knowledge of performance (KP), practice, and variable practice for improving motor learning.

MONDAY: Motor Skills Learned

Motor skills are learned through interaction and exploration of the environment (in relation to both the person and task, and the environment)

Treatment Session Questions

How to best schedule practice sessions to ensure learning?
How to ensure learning generalizes from one context to another?
If simplifying a task is more effective for efficient learning?
Best practice for retention and generalizability?
How to best promote neuroplasticity for successful treatment?

Video Information

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQFP3npv6j8 (Focus on motor learning video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-r7n6CFmQM (Focus on another motor learning video)

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Description

Test your knowledge on neuroplasticity and its principles in the context of functional neuroscience. This quiz covers key concepts related to motor learning, synaptic plasticity, and the adaptability of neurons. Assess your understanding of how these processes affect recovery and optimization during treatment sessions.