DP - Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

__ refers to inborn traits that one inherits. _ refers to environmental influences, such as diet, parenting, and educational experience.

Nature; Nurture

Which is not used to measure one's socioeconomic status (SES)?

Income Level

Ethnic Background (correct)

Occupation

Education Level

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, cultural patterns and social conditions are found in the:

Macrosystem

A hypothesis is:

A specific prediction that can be tested. Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, the ______ variable is manipulated to determine its effects on the outcome.

Independent Signup and view all the answers

To study the long-term effects of poverty on children's development, Dr. Vasquez and his research team followed the same group of children from age 2 to age 16. Dr. Vasquez was using a(n) _______ research design.

Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

When conducting research on human participants, the MOST important safeguards are those that:

ensure that no one is harmed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?

Provide ideas for future research Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes are molecules of:

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Signup and view all the answers

When a sperm and an ovum fuse, a one-celled _____ is formed.

zygote Signup and view all the answers

Differentiation occurs during the:

germinal period. Signup and view all the answers

Genes that produce characteristic traits through the interaction of genetics and environmental influences are referred to as:

multifactorial. Signup and view all the answers

Some men are color-blind because they inherit a particular recessive gene from their mother. That recessive gene is carried on the:

X chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

It was King Henry's 'fault' that he had no sons because only a male can contribute the Y chromosome containing the male development genes.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which is a good reason for a couple to receive genetic counseling before they plan a pregnancy?

They have relatives with serious genetic disorders. Signup and view all the answers

John's mother has blue eyes, and his father has brown eyes. John's phenotype eye color is brown. Therefore, the genotype of his eye-color genes is:

It is not possible to tell. Signup and view all the answers

The CORRECT order for human growth before birth is:

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period. Signup and view all the answers

The age of viability refers to the:

age when the fetus can survive outside the womb with medical help. Signup and view all the answers

The MOST critical period of vulnerability to teratogens occurs during the:

embryonic period. Signup and view all the answers

The MOST prevalent cause for small gestational age (SGA) babies is:

tobacco. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Apgar scale measure?

heart rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of a pregnant woman continuing to drink wine?

It may cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Signup and view all the answers

Why should you wait to share the news of a positive pregnancy test?

Twenty percent of all embryos spontaneously abort. Signup and view all the answers

Because the entire embryonic stage is a critical period:

pregnant women should do their best to 'live clean' and avoid teratogens during this stage. Signup and view all the answers

Lisa had a normal weight at birth but then went through a period of malnourishment. Thankfully, this did not impact her brain. This is an example of:

head sparing. Signup and view all the answers

Nerve cells of the central nervous system that are found mostly in the brain are called:

neurons. Signup and view all the answers

The great increase in the number of dendrites that occurs during the first two years of a baby's life is:

transient exuberance. Signup and view all the answers

_____ occurs when the brain notices and interprets a sensation.

Perception Signup and view all the answers

A formula-fed baby is likely to _____ than a breast-fed baby.

have more allergies Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is a likely explanation for why first-born infants are more likely to exhibit sleep problems than later-borns?

New parents are rarely well prepared for the sleep patterns of a newborn and institute sleep patterns that become problematic out of desperation. Signup and view all the answers

When you stroke your newborn baby's cheek, he turns his head toward your hand and opens his mouth. Which survival reflex is he demonstrating?

rooting Signup and view all the answers

You can expect that a 9-pound newborn who develops along normal lines will be _ pounds at 4 months of age and _ pounds at 1 year of age.

18; 27 Signup and view all the answers

This is the realization that objects still exist, even if they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.

object permanence Signup and view all the answers

Madilyn pulled the chair to the counter in order to reach the cookie jar. This 'little scientist' behavior is MOST likely to occur in Piaget's:

stage 5 Signup and view all the answers

Several days after witnessing her sister open a kitchen cupboard, 1-year-old Madilyn tries it herself, thus demonstrating the concept of:

deferred imitation Signup and view all the answers

The language interaction between a baby and a caring adult is sometimes called:

child-directed speech. Signup and view all the answers

An infant's first vocal communication that is not reflexive is:

cooing Signup and view all the answers

Henry is 16 months old. He points at the refrigerator and says, 'Juice?' What form of speech is he using?

holophrase Signup and view all the answers

You believe that children are prewired to learn any language. Which language theory influenced your thinking?

Chomsky's Signup and view all the answers

Satisfying a child's basic needs with care, consistency, and continuity reflects:

trust versus mistrust Signup and view all the answers

The theory that connects biosocial with psychosocial development is _____ theory.

psychoanalytic Signup and view all the answers

A child who seeks contact when distressed would be considered:

secure Signup and view all the answers

Separation anxiety indicates the presence of secure attachment.

True Signup and view all the answers

When 12-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room, he was demonstrating:

social referencing. Signup and view all the answers

Alice appears to be embarrassed when her mom tells her, 'Sing for grandma!' Alice hides behind her mother's legs and peeks out. How old do you think Alice is?

18 months Signup and view all the answers

Sally takes her 20-month-old son to the park. After playing for five minutes, he runs back to mom, touches her, and then runs off again. The son's behavior would be called:

contact-maintaining Signup and view all the answers

Infant and toddler day care is potentially detrimental to development when:

language communication is kept to a minimum. Signup and view all the answers

STUDY APGAR SCALE

STUDY APGAR SCALE Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nature vs. Nurture

"Nature" encompasses inherited traits from biological parents.
"Nurture" involves all environmental influences like diet, parenting, and education.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Ethnic background is not a measure of one’s socioeconomic status.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Model

Cultural patterns and social conditions exist in the macrosystem.

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a testable specific prediction.

Independent Variable

In experiments, the independent variable is the factor manipulated to observe its effect.

Longitudinal Research Design

Following the same group from age 2 to age 16 exemplifies a longitudinal study.

Research Safeguards

The most crucial safeguard in research is ensuring no harm comes to participants.

Scientific Method

Providing ideas for future research is not a recognized step in the scientific method.

Chromosomes

Chromosomes consist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Zygote Formation

A zygote is formed when a sperm and ovum fuse.

Differentiation

Differentiation takes place during the germinal period.

Multifactorial Genes

Genes that create characteristics through genetic-environment interactions are termed multifactorial.

Color Blindness Inheritance

Color-blindness in men is linked to a recessive gene on the X chromosome from their mother.

King Henry VIII and Male Heirs

King Henry VIII's inability to produce male heirs was due to his contribution of the Y chromosome.

Genetic Counseling

Couples with relatives affected by serious genetic disorders should seek genetic counseling before pregnancy.

Genotype and Phenotype

John's eye color is brown, but it’s unclear if he has a homozygous or heterozygous genotype.

Stages of Human Development

The correct order of prenatal development is: germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.

Age of Viability

The age of viability is when a fetus can survive outside of the womb with medical assistance.

Vulnerability to Teratogens

The embryonic period is the most critical time for vulnerability to teratogens.

Causes of Small Gestational Age (SGA)

Tobacco is the leading cause of SGA babies.

Apgar Scale

The Apgar scale assesses a newborn’s heart rate among other vital signs.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Continued alcohol consumption during pregnancy may lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Embryo Spontaneous Abortion Risk

There is a 20% risk of spontaneous abortion before sharing pregnancy news.

Critical Period for Teratogens

The entire embryonic stage is a critical period, necessitating avoiding teratogens.

Head Sparing

Lisa's normal brain development after a malnourished period exemplifies head sparing.

Neurons

Neurons are the primary nerve cells in the central nervous system, mainly found in the brain.

Transient Exuberance

A significant increase in dendrites during a baby's first two years is known as transient exuberance.

Perception Defined

Perception occurs when the brain interprets a detected sensation.

Formula-fed Babies

Formula-fed infants are often more prone to allergies compared to breastfed infants.

First-born Sleep Problems

First-born children may experience more sleep issues due to inexperienced new parents.

Rooting Reflex

When a newborn turns its head and opens its mouth when its cheek is stroked, it shows the rooting reflex.

Infant Weight Progression

A typical 9-pound newborn will weigh approximately 18 pounds at 4 months and 27 pounds at 1 year.

Object Permanence

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Piaget's "Little Scientist" Behavior

Madilyn's problem-solving actions exemplify behavior observed in Piaget's stage 5.

Deferred Imitation

Imitating actions witnessed days earlier demonstrates deferred imitation in infants.

Child-Directed Speech

The engaging language interaction between a baby and adult is known as child-directed speech.

Infant Vocal Communication

Coos are the first non-reflexive vocal communications by infants.

Holophrase

A 16-month-old's use of a single word to express a request, such as "Juice?", is an example of a holophrase.

Language Theory

The belief that children are inherently capable of language acquisition is influenced by Chomsky's theory.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Meeting a child's basic needs with care reflects the psychosocial stage of trust versus mistrust.

Psychoanalytic Theory

This theory connects biosocial and psychosocial development.

Secure Attachment

A child who seeks comfort from a caregiver when distressed shows secure attachment.

Separation Anxiety

Indications of separation anxiety suggest secure attachment to caregivers.

Nicholas demonstrates social referencing by looking to his mother for cues in new situations.

Toddler Behavior at the Park

Contact-maintaining behavior is when a child periodically returns to their caregiver for reassurance after exploring.

Impact of Day Care

Language development can suffer in toddler day care, particularly if communication is minimal.

Apgar Scale Review

Focus on the Apgar scale's components and significances for newborn health assessment.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts from chapters 1 to 4 of Developmental Psychology. Key terms such as nature vs. nurture and socioeconomic status measurement are included. Engage with the material and test your understanding of influential theories and models.