Questions and Answers
______ refers to inborn traits that one inherits. _____ refers to environmental influences, such as diet, parenting, and educational experience.
Nature; Nurture
Which is not used to measure one's socioeconomic status (SES)?
According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, cultural patterns and social conditions are found in the:
Macrosystem
A hypothesis is:
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In an experiment, the ______ variable is manipulated to determine its effects on the outcome.
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To study the long-term effects of poverty on children's development, Dr. Vasquez and his research team followed the same group of children from age 2 to age 16. Dr. Vasquez was using a(n) _______ research design.
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When conducting research on human participants, the MOST important safeguards are those that:
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?
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Chromosomes are molecules of:
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When a sperm and an ovum fuse, a one-celled _____ is formed.
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Differentiation occurs during the:
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Genes that produce characteristic traits through the interaction of genetics and environmental influences are referred to as:
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Some men are color-blind because they inherit a particular recessive gene from their mother. That recessive gene is carried on the:
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It was King Henry's 'fault' that he had no sons because only a male can contribute the Y chromosome containing the male development genes.
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Which is a good reason for a couple to receive genetic counseling before they plan a pregnancy?
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John's mother has blue eyes, and his father has brown eyes. John's phenotype eye color is brown. Therefore, the genotype of his eye-color genes is:
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The CORRECT order for human growth before birth is:
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The age of viability refers to the:
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The MOST critical period of vulnerability to teratogens occurs during the:
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The MOST prevalent cause for small gestational age (SGA) babies is:
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What does the Apgar scale measure?
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What is the potential outcome of a pregnant woman continuing to drink wine?
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Why should you wait to share the news of a positive pregnancy test?
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Because the entire embryonic stage is a critical period:
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Lisa had a normal weight at birth but then went through a period of malnourishment. Thankfully, this did not impact her brain. This is an example of:
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Nerve cells of the central nervous system that are found mostly in the brain are called:
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The great increase in the number of dendrites that occurs during the first two years of a baby's life is:
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_____ occurs when the brain notices and interprets a sensation.
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A formula-fed baby is likely to _____ than a breast-fed baby.
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Which statement is a likely explanation for why first-born infants are more likely to exhibit sleep problems than later-borns?
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When you stroke your newborn baby's cheek, he turns his head toward your hand and opens his mouth. Which survival reflex is he demonstrating?
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You can expect that a 9-pound newborn who develops along normal lines will be _____ pounds at 4 months of age and _____ pounds at 1 year of age.
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This is the realization that objects still exist, even if they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.
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Madilyn pulled the chair to the counter in order to reach the cookie jar. This 'little scientist' behavior is MOST likely to occur in Piaget's:
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Several days after witnessing her sister open a kitchen cupboard, 1-year-old Madilyn tries it herself, thus demonstrating the concept of:
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The language interaction between a baby and a caring adult is sometimes called:
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An infant's first vocal communication that is not reflexive is:
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Henry is 16 months old. He points at the refrigerator and says, 'Juice?' What form of speech is he using?
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You believe that children are prewired to learn any language. Which language theory influenced your thinking?
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Satisfying a child's basic needs with care, consistency, and continuity reflects:
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The theory that connects biosocial with psychosocial development is _____ theory.
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A child who seeks contact when distressed would be considered:
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Separation anxiety indicates the presence of secure attachment.
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When 12-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room, he was demonstrating:
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Alice appears to be embarrassed when her mom tells her, 'Sing for grandma!' Alice hides behind her mother's legs and peeks out. How old do you think Alice is?
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Sally takes her 20-month-old son to the park. After playing for five minutes, he runs back to mom, touches her, and then runs off again. The son's behavior would be called:
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Infant and toddler day care is potentially detrimental to development when:
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STUDY APGAR SCALE
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Study Notes
Nature vs. Nurture
- "Nature" encompasses inherited traits from biological parents.
- "Nurture" involves all environmental influences like diet, parenting, and education.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
- Ethnic background is not a measure of one’s socioeconomic status.
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Model
- Cultural patterns and social conditions exist in the macrosystem.
Hypothesis
- A hypothesis is a testable specific prediction.
Independent Variable
- In experiments, the independent variable is the factor manipulated to observe its effect.
Longitudinal Research Design
- Following the same group from age 2 to age 16 exemplifies a longitudinal study.
Research Safeguards
- The most crucial safeguard in research is ensuring no harm comes to participants.
Scientific Method
- Providing ideas for future research is not a recognized step in the scientific method.
Chromosomes
- Chromosomes consist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Zygote Formation
- A zygote is formed when a sperm and ovum fuse.
Differentiation
- Differentiation takes place during the germinal period.
Multifactorial Genes
- Genes that create characteristics through genetic-environment interactions are termed multifactorial.
Color Blindness Inheritance
- Color-blindness in men is linked to a recessive gene on the X chromosome from their mother.
King Henry VIII and Male Heirs
- King Henry VIII's inability to produce male heirs was due to his contribution of the Y chromosome.
Genetic Counseling
- Couples with relatives affected by serious genetic disorders should seek genetic counseling before pregnancy.
Genotype and Phenotype
- John's eye color is brown, but it’s unclear if he has a homozygous or heterozygous genotype.
Stages of Human Development
- The correct order of prenatal development is: germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.
Age of Viability
- The age of viability is when a fetus can survive outside of the womb with medical assistance.
Vulnerability to Teratogens
- The embryonic period is the most critical time for vulnerability to teratogens.
Causes of Small Gestational Age (SGA)
- Tobacco is the leading cause of SGA babies.
Apgar Scale
- The Apgar scale assesses a newborn’s heart rate among other vital signs.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- Continued alcohol consumption during pregnancy may lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
Embryo Spontaneous Abortion Risk
- There is a 20% risk of spontaneous abortion before sharing pregnancy news.
Critical Period for Teratogens
- The entire embryonic stage is a critical period, necessitating avoiding teratogens.
Head Sparing
- Lisa's normal brain development after a malnourished period exemplifies head sparing.
Neurons
- Neurons are the primary nerve cells in the central nervous system, mainly found in the brain.
Transient Exuberance
- A significant increase in dendrites during a baby's first two years is known as transient exuberance.
Perception Defined
- Perception occurs when the brain interprets a detected sensation.
Formula-fed Babies
- Formula-fed infants are often more prone to allergies compared to breastfed infants.
First-born Sleep Problems
- First-born children may experience more sleep issues due to inexperienced new parents.
Rooting Reflex
- When a newborn turns its head and opens its mouth when its cheek is stroked, it shows the rooting reflex.
Infant Weight Progression
- A typical 9-pound newborn will weigh approximately 18 pounds at 4 months and 27 pounds at 1 year.
Object Permanence
- Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
Piaget's "Little Scientist" Behavior
- Madilyn's problem-solving actions exemplify behavior observed in Piaget's stage 5.
Deferred Imitation
- Imitating actions witnessed days earlier demonstrates deferred imitation in infants.
Child-Directed Speech
- The engaging language interaction between a baby and adult is known as child-directed speech.
Infant Vocal Communication
- Coos are the first non-reflexive vocal communications by infants.
Holophrase
- A 16-month-old's use of a single word to express a request, such as "Juice?", is an example of a holophrase.
Language Theory
- The belief that children are inherently capable of language acquisition is influenced by Chomsky's theory.
Trust vs. Mistrust
- Meeting a child's basic needs with care reflects the psychosocial stage of trust versus mistrust.
Psychoanalytic Theory
- This theory connects biosocial and psychosocial development.
Secure Attachment
- A child who seeks comfort from a caregiver when distressed shows secure attachment.
Separation Anxiety
- Indications of separation anxiety suggest secure attachment to caregivers.
Social Referencing
- Nicholas demonstrates social referencing by looking to his mother for cues in new situations.
Toddler Behavior at the Park
- Contact-maintaining behavior is when a child periodically returns to their caregiver for reassurance after exploring.
Impact of Day Care
- Language development can suffer in toddler day care, particularly if communication is minimal.
Apgar Scale Review
- Focus on the Apgar scale's components and significances for newborn health assessment.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts from chapters 1 to 4 of Developmental Psychology. Key terms such as nature vs. nurture and socioeconomic status measurement are included. Engage with the material and test your understanding of influential theories and models.