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What is the primary consequence of incompatibilities in pharmaceutical products?
What is the primary consequence of incompatibilities in pharmaceutical products?
Which type of incompatibility involves changes in color, odor, or viscosity?
Which type of incompatibility involves changes in color, odor, or viscosity?
What can lead to the precipitation of drugs in a formulation?
What can lead to the precipitation of drugs in a formulation?
Which of the following best describes immiscibility?
Which of the following best describes immiscibility?
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What is an example of physical incompatibility in a prescription involving chalk powder?
What is an example of physical incompatibility in a prescription involving chalk powder?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting the solubility of a drug in a vehicle?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting the solubility of a drug in a vehicle?
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What role do suspending agents play in formulations with precipitates like chalk powder?
What role do suspending agents play in formulations with precipitates like chalk powder?
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What is indicated as a necessary step to overcome the immiscibility of castor oil with water?
What is indicated as a necessary step to overcome the immiscibility of castor oil with water?
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Which type of incompatibility involves adverse effects after the administration of drugs?
Which type of incompatibility involves adverse effects after the administration of drugs?
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What happens when phenol is mixed with sodium sulfate?
What happens when phenol is mixed with sodium sulfate?
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Which of the following substances is immiscible with distilled water due to high interfacial tensions?
Which of the following substances is immiscible with distilled water due to high interfacial tensions?
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What can lead to immiscibility when mixing emulsions, creams, or lotions?
What can lead to immiscibility when mixing emulsions, creams, or lotions?
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What occurs when a non-solvent is added to a solution containing solubilized substances?
What occurs when a non-solvent is added to a solution containing solubilized substances?
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In the example of tincture benzoin compound mixed with glycerin and rose water, what is the reason for the precipitate formed?
In the example of tincture benzoin compound mixed with glycerin and rose water, what is the reason for the precipitate formed?
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What factor is NOT listed as a reason for immiscibility in emulsions?
What factor is NOT listed as a reason for immiscibility in emulsions?
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What is the result of mixing alcoholic solutions of resins with water?
What is the result of mixing alcoholic solutions of resins with water?
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Which of the following compounds is an example of a water-soluble antioxidant?
Which of the following compounds is an example of a water-soluble antioxidant?
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What occurs during racemization without changing the chemical structure of the compounds?
What occurs during racemization without changing the chemical structure of the compounds?
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Which process involves the absorption of energy from the surroundings?
Which process involves the absorption of energy from the surroundings?
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What happens to phenolphthalein in an acidic medium?
What happens to phenolphthalein in an acidic medium?
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What is a common characteristic of therapeutic incompatibilities?
What is a common characteristic of therapeutic incompatibilities?
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Why is aspirin not typically found in solution form?
Why is aspirin not typically found in solution form?
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Which of the following reactions results in the release of CO2?
Which of the following reactions results in the release of CO2?
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What best describes heavy metals in relation to oxidation?
What best describes heavy metals in relation to oxidation?
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What occurs when drugs or excipients that are antagonists to each other are prescribed together?
What occurs when drugs or excipients that are antagonists to each other are prescribed together?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to therapeutic incompatibilities?
Which factor does NOT contribute to therapeutic incompatibilities?
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What happens when low melting point solids are combined in a eutectic mixture?
What happens when low melting point solids are combined in a eutectic mixture?
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What is the recommended dose range of atropine for a single capsule?
What is the recommended dose range of atropine for a single capsule?
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Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as exhibiting liquefaction behavior?
Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as exhibiting liquefaction behavior?
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What is an example of a pair of drugs that may be confused due to similar names?
What is an example of a pair of drugs that may be confused due to similar names?
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Which method is NOT suggested for dispensing substances that cause physical incompatibility?
Which method is NOT suggested for dispensing substances that cause physical incompatibility?
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Which of the following is true about prescribing contraindicated drugs?
Which of the following is true about prescribing contraindicated drugs?
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What is a common indication of chemical incompatibility during a reaction?
What is a common indication of chemical incompatibility during a reaction?
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Which of the following errors can lead to an overdose of medication?
Which of the following errors can lead to an overdose of medication?
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What factor is NOT effective in promoting oxidation in pharmaceutical substances?
What factor is NOT effective in promoting oxidation in pharmaceutical substances?
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What type of drug effect increases when two compatible drugs are prescribed together?
What type of drug effect increases when two compatible drugs are prescribed together?
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Which substance is listed as being easily oxidized in an aqueous medium?
Which substance is listed as being easily oxidized in an aqueous medium?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which drugs interact pharmacologically?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which drugs interact pharmacologically?
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What role do antioxidants play in preventing oxidation-related incompatibility?
What role do antioxidants play in preventing oxidation-related incompatibility?
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What defines chemical incompatibilities in pharmaceuticals?
What defines chemical incompatibilities in pharmaceuticals?
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Study Notes
Dosage Forms I: Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities
- Incompatibilities occur when mixing two or more prescription ingredients, causing undesired changes in physical, chemical, or therapeutic properties of the medication.
- These changes negatively impact the safety, efficacy, appearance, and stability of the pharmaceutical product.
- Incompatibilities can happen during compounding, formulation, manufacturing, packaging, dispensing, storage or after drug administration (in vivo).
Types of Incompatibilities
- Physical incompatibilities: Changes in color, odor, taste, viscosity, and morphology of a mixture due to interaction between substances.
- Also known as pharmaceutical incompatibility.
- Examples include insolubility, immiscibility, precipitation, and liquefaction (eutexia).
- Chemical incompatibilities: Reactions between substances that alter their chemical properties in the pharmaceutical dosage form.
- Examples of reactions include pH changes, oxidation-reduction, acid-base hydrolysis, and double decomposition.
- These reactions can be noticed through precipitation, effervescence, decomposition, color change, or explosion.
- Therapeutic incompatibilities: Modification of a drug's therapeutic effect by prior administration of another drug or excipient.
- Also called drug interactions.
- Occur when antagonistic drugs are prescribed together and can also occur from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects.
- Pharmacokinetic effects include changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
- Pharmacodynamic effects involves changes in the pharmacological activity of interacting drugs, which can result in synergism (increased activity) or antagonism (decreased activity)
Physical Incompatibility Details
- Insolubility: The inability of a prescribed agent to dissolve in its vehicle.
- Immiscibility: The inability of two or more liquids to mix homogeneously.
- Precipitation: The formation of an insoluble solid when a substance is added to a solution.
- Liquefaction (Eutexia): Mixing of certain low-melting point solids causing them to liquefy.
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Changes in pH.
- Formation of complexes.
- Presence of surfactants.
- Use of co-solvents.
Examples of Physical Incompatibilities
- Chalk powder is insoluble in water; adding it to water causes precipitation. A suspending agent like tragacanth is required.
- Castor oil is immiscible with water; emulsification is needed.
- Resin solutions may precipitate if mixed with water.
Chemical Incompatibility Details
- Oxidation: Reactions sensitive to air, temperature, light, and pH
- Examples: Adrenaline, phenylephrine, morphine, codeine, Vitamin C.
- Use of antioxidants can prevent oxidation
- Reduction: Less common than oxidation
- Racemization: Optically active compounds changing to inactive forms.
- Hydrolysis: Endothermic or exothermic reactions that degrade compounds, sensitive to temperature/pH
- Example: Aspirin hydrolysis
- Penicillin hydrolysis is a common example
Therapeutic Incompatibility Details
- Occur due to dosage errors, incorrect dosage forms, usage of contraindicated drugs or by drug interactions(antagonism or synergism).
- Examples of different drug combinations: aspirin and paracetamol and penicillin and streptomycin, showing synergism. Amphetamines showing antagonistic effect with barbiturates.
Solutions to Various Incompatibilities
- Suspending agents are used to make insoluble substances dispersible.
- Drugs can be triturated and mixed with a suitable absorbent to create a powder form.
- Correct dosage form is essential to avoid wrong drug administration
- If there is a significant amount of heat produced, cooling the medium would be to slow down the degradative reactions
- Ensure correct storage using appropriate packaging materials to mitigate changes to the chemical structures and avoid unwanted chemical effects of the combined medication
- Use of antioxidants for oxidation reactions
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Description
Explore the critical concept of pharmaceutical incompatibilities in this quiz, focusing on how mixing various prescription ingredients can affect drug properties. Understand the different types of incompatibilities, including physical and chemical, and their implications on medication safety and efficacy.
