Dosage Forms I: Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of incompatibilities in pharmaceutical products?

  • Undesirable changes in physical, chemical, or therapeutic properties (correct)
  • Enhanced appearance of the formulation
  • Increased efficacy of the medicament
  • Improved stability of the product

Which type of incompatibility involves changes in color, odor, or viscosity?

  • Storage incompatibility
  • Chemical incompatibility
  • Therapeutic incompatibility
  • Physical incompatibility (correct)

What can lead to the precipitation of drugs in a formulation?

  • Increased solubility of the drug
  • Stable pH in the vehicle
  • Use of co-solvents
  • Changes in pH or surfactants (correct)

Which of the following best describes immiscibility?

<p>Two or more liquids do not mix evenly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of physical incompatibility in a prescription involving chalk powder?

<p>Chalk powder precipitating when added to an aqueous medium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting the solubility of a drug in a vehicle?

<p>Temperature changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do suspending agents play in formulations with precipitates like chalk powder?

<p>They help in maintaining a stable suspension of particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as a necessary step to overcome the immiscibility of castor oil with water?

<p>Emulsification with an emulsifying agent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of incompatibility involves adverse effects after the administration of drugs?

<p>In vivo incompatibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when phenol is mixed with sodium sulfate?

<p>Turbidity and separation are observed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is immiscible with distilled water due to high interfacial tensions?

<p>Castor oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to immiscibility when mixing emulsions, creams, or lotions?

<p>Incomplete mixing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a non-solvent is added to a solution containing solubilized substances?

<p>Precipitation of substances happens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example of tincture benzoin compound mixed with glycerin and rose water, what is the reason for the precipitate formed?

<p>Change in the solvent system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT listed as a reason for immiscibility in emulsions?

<p>Excessive heat application (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of mixing alcoholic solutions of resins with water?

<p>Precipitated resins form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is an example of a water-soluble antioxidant?

<p>Ascorbic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during racemization without changing the chemical structure of the compounds?

<p>Change in optical activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the absorption of energy from the surroundings?

<p>Endothermic process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to phenolphthalein in an acidic medium?

<p>It remains colorless (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of therapeutic incompatibilities?

<p>Modification of therapeutic effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is aspirin not typically found in solution form?

<p>It hydrolyzes in aqueous medium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions results in the release of CO2?

<p>Reaction between carbonates and acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes heavy metals in relation to oxidation?

<p>They may accelerate oxidation of substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when drugs or excipients that are antagonists to each other are prescribed together?

<p>Therapeutic incompatibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to therapeutic incompatibilities?

<p>Increased patient tolerance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when low melting point solids are combined in a eutectic mixture?

<p>A liquid or soft mass is produced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose range of atropine for a single capsule?

<p>0.25 to 2 mg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as exhibiting liquefaction behavior?

<p>Ibuprofen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a pair of drugs that may be confused due to similar names?

<p>Digoxin and Digitoxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT suggested for dispensing substances that cause physical incompatibility?

<p>Heat the mixture to increase fluidity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about prescribing contraindicated drugs?

<p>They may enhance each other's activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication of chemical incompatibility during a reaction?

<p>Precipitation of substances. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following errors can lead to an overdose of medication?

<p>Errors in writing or interpreting the prescription (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT effective in promoting oxidation in pharmaceutical substances?

<p>Plastic containers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug effect increases when two compatible drugs are prescribed together?

<p>Synergism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is listed as being easily oxidized in an aqueous medium?

<p>Codeine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which drugs interact pharmacologically?

<p>Digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do antioxidants play in preventing oxidation-related incompatibility?

<p>They absorb energy and prevent oxidation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines chemical incompatibilities in pharmaceuticals?

<p>Reactions that change chemical properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities

Undesired changes in a medication's physical, chemical, or therapeutic properties when different ingredients are mixed.

Physical Incompatibility

Interaction of substances causing changes in color, odor, taste, viscosity, or morphology.

Insolubility

A substance that doesn't dissolve in the given medium.

Immiscibility

Two or more liquids that won't mix.

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Precipitation

Formation of a solid substance (precipitate) when a liquid is added to a solution.

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Liquefaction

Solids that become liquid when mixed.

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Compounding Incompatibility

Incompatibility that occurs when mixing ingredients for a prescription dosage form before administration.

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Suspending agent

Substance added to a solution to keep suspended particles from settling.

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Immiscibility

Two liquids that do not mix and separate into distinct layers.

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Emulsification

Process of mixing immiscible liquids to form a stable mixture (emulsion).

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Precipitation

Formation of a solid from a solution when a substance is added.

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Incompatibility (solutions)

Undesired changes in the properties of substances when mixed.

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Surfactant

Substance that helps stabilize emulsions. It lowers the surface tension of liquids.

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Unstable Emulsion

An emulsion that separates into its components due to incorrect mixing or other issues.

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Resin precipitation

Resins precipitate when mixed with a different solvent, like water.

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Colloidal Dispersion

A heterogeneous mixture where particles are dispersed in a liquid but do not dissolve.

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Eutexia

A process where mixing certain low-melting solids creates a liquid or soft mass (eutectic mixture) due to a lowered melting point below room temperature.

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Eutectic Mixture

A liquid or soft mass formed when certain low-melting point solids are mixed, resulting from a lowered melting point.

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Chemical Incompatibility

A reaction between substances that changes the chemical properties of a pharmaceutical dosage form.

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Oxidation

A chemical reaction where a substance loses electrons.

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Antioxidant

A substance that prevents oxidation.

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Physical Incompatibility

Mixing medicaments that can't maintain their form as a solid when combined; substances become liquid..

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Compounding Incompatibility

Problems that occur when mixing ingredients for a medication before giving it.

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Rx example (incompatibility)

Menthol and camphor, mixed together, can cause a liquefaction issue. Requires a different approach for compounding.

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Oxidation

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons. Light and heavy metals can increase this process.

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Antioxidant

Substances that prevent or slow down oxidation.

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Reduction

A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons. Less common than oxidation.

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Racemization

A change in the optical activity of a compound without changing its chemical structure.

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Gas Outlet

Reaction with CO2, closing the package after gas release.

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Color Change (Rx)

Reactions often cause color changes, dependent on pH levels.

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Hydrolytic Change

A reaction with water breaking down chemical compounds.

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Therapeutic Incompatibilities

Changes in how a medicine works because of another medicine.

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Drug Interactions

The effect of one drug on another drug's action, either enhancing it (synergism) or diminishing it (antagonism).

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Therapeutic Incompatibility

Problems arising from improper medication prescriptions, wrong dosages, or contraindicated drugs.

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Dosage Error

Mistakes in the amount of a drug prescribed, often leading to serious consequences like overdosing.

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Wrong Dosage Form

Administering a medication not in the required form, potentially impacting effectiveness or safety.

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Contraindicated Drugs

Medications that should not be used together, due to potential harmful interactions or negative effects on the patient.

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Synergism

When two drugs combined have a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects.

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Antagonism

When two drugs combined have a lesser effect than the sum of their individual effects.

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Pharmacokinetic interaction

An interaction that affects the way a drug enters, spreads, changes, and leaves the body.

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Study Notes

Dosage Forms I: Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities

  • Incompatibilities occur when mixing two or more prescription ingredients, causing undesired changes in physical, chemical, or therapeutic properties of the medication.
  • These changes negatively impact the safety, efficacy, appearance, and stability of the pharmaceutical product.
  • Incompatibilities can happen during compounding, formulation, manufacturing, packaging, dispensing, storage or after drug administration (in vivo).

Types of Incompatibilities

  • Physical incompatibilities: Changes in color, odor, taste, viscosity, and morphology of a mixture due to interaction between substances.
    • Also known as pharmaceutical incompatibility.
    • Examples include insolubility, immiscibility, precipitation, and liquefaction (eutexia).
  • Chemical incompatibilities: Reactions between substances that alter their chemical properties in the pharmaceutical dosage form.
    • Examples of reactions include pH changes, oxidation-reduction, acid-base hydrolysis, and double decomposition.
    • These reactions can be noticed through precipitation, effervescence, decomposition, color change, or explosion.
  • Therapeutic incompatibilities: Modification of a drug's therapeutic effect by prior administration of another drug or excipient.
    • Also called drug interactions.
    • Occur when antagonistic drugs are prescribed together and can also occur from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects.
    • Pharmacokinetic effects include changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
    • Pharmacodynamic effects involves changes in the pharmacological activity of interacting drugs, which can result in synergism (increased activity) or antagonism (decreased activity)

Physical Incompatibility Details

  • Insolubility: The inability of a prescribed agent to dissolve in its vehicle.
  • Immiscibility: The inability of two or more liquids to mix homogeneously.
  • Precipitation: The formation of an insoluble solid when a substance is added to a solution.
  • Liquefaction (Eutexia): Mixing of certain low-melting point solids causing them to liquefy.

Factors Affecting Solubility

  • Changes in pH.
  • Formation of complexes.
  • Presence of surfactants.
  • Use of co-solvents.

Examples of Physical Incompatibilities

  • Chalk powder is insoluble in water; adding it to water causes precipitation. A suspending agent like tragacanth is required.
  • Castor oil is immiscible with water; emulsification is needed.
  • Resin solutions may precipitate if mixed with water.

Chemical Incompatibility Details

  • Oxidation: Reactions sensitive to air, temperature, light, and pH
  • Examples: Adrenaline, phenylephrine, morphine, codeine, Vitamin C.
  • Use of antioxidants can prevent oxidation
  • Reduction: Less common than oxidation
  • Racemization: Optically active compounds changing to inactive forms.
  • Hydrolysis: Endothermic or exothermic reactions that degrade compounds, sensitive to temperature/pH
  • Example: Aspirin hydrolysis
    • Penicillin hydrolysis is a common example

Therapeutic Incompatibility Details

  • Occur due to dosage errors, incorrect dosage forms, usage of contraindicated drugs or by drug interactions(antagonism or synergism).
  • Examples of different drug combinations: aspirin and paracetamol and penicillin and streptomycin, showing synergism. Amphetamines showing antagonistic effect with barbiturates.

Solutions to Various Incompatibilities

  • Suspending agents are used to make insoluble substances dispersible.
  • Drugs can be triturated and mixed with a suitable absorbent to create a powder form.
  • Correct dosage form is essential to avoid wrong drug administration
  • If there is a significant amount of heat produced, cooling the medium would be to slow down the degradative reactions
  • Ensure correct storage using appropriate packaging materials to mitigate changes to the chemical structures and avoid unwanted chemical effects of the combined medication
  • Use of antioxidants for oxidation reactions

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Description

Explore the critical concept of pharmaceutical incompatibilities in this quiz, focusing on how mixing various prescription ingredients can affect drug properties. Understand the different types of incompatibilities, including physical and chemical, and their implications on medication safety and efficacy.

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