Dopamine Pathway Overview

What is a key criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

What happens to a neurotransmitter after it binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

What is the purpose of the synaptic cleft in chemical transmission?

What is the main function of GABA in the nervous system?

How do drugs like Valium work in relation to GABA?

What is the role of sodium valproate in relation to GABA?

Which receptor type does GABA A belong to?

What occurs when GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain?

How is GABA clearance achieved in the nervous system?

Which pathway is responsible for motor control, involving the cells in substantia nigra projecting to the striatum?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and is associated with stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Which type of dopamine receptors cause an increase in cAMP levels?

What is the role of the locus coeruleus cells in the brain?

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

Which enzyme degrades dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

What is the main synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

What happens to dopamine molecules once they enter the presynaptic terminal?

What happens if norepinephrine levels fall below normal?

What role does glutamate play as a neurotransmitter?

Where are noradrenaline receptors found in the brain?

What is the name of the potential change produced in the post-synaptic cell?

Which type of neurotransmission involves the activation of a second messenger system?

What type of ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane will lead to graded changes in membrane potential?

Which neurotransmitter contributes to both excitatory and inhibitory action potentials?

What does Na+ and Ca++ influx always produce in terms of membrane potential?

How is glutamate cleared from the synaptic cleft?

"How is Acetylcholine action terminated in the synaptic cleft?"

Which process allows neurotransmitters to be released from synaptic vesicles?

What is the function of the synaptic cleft in chemical transmission?

Which ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

Which criterion is essential for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

What occurs when a nerve impulse reaches the presynaptic terminal?

What is the function of neurotransmitters binding to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

How does a nerve impulse get transmitted from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell?

Where does exocytosis of neurotransmitters occur?

Which action follows the binding of neurotransmitters to receptor sites on the post-synaptic membrane?

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted by nerve terminals in various areas of the brain?

What is the result of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

Which type of receptor is GABA A receptor?

How do drugs like Valium exert their effects in relation to GABA?

What is the consequence of GABA deficiency in specific areas of the brain?

Which neurotransmitter transporter uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane?

Which pathway is primarily responsible for reward and addiction?

What is the main role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in dopaminergic neurons?

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

What enzyme degrades serotonin within the presynaptic terminal?

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

Which type of DA receptors cause a decrease in cAMP levels?

What is the primary mechanism of glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft?

What is the main role of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating muscles through motor neurons?

How is glutamate primarily cleared from the synaptic cleft?

What type of receptors does acetylcholine bind to in cardiac muscle?

Which enzyme is responsible for degrading acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

In which region of the brain are large pyramidal cells responsible for releasing acetylcholine?

What happens to choline after acetylcholine is degraded in the synaptic cleft?

Which postganglionic neurons primarily use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nerve terminals in the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and many areas of the cortex?

What type of receptors are GABA B receptors?

How is GABA action terminated in the synaptic cleft?

What happens when GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain?

Which drug enhances the effects of GABA in the brain?

How is glutamine involved in neurotransmission?

What is the role of sodium valproate in relation to GABA?

What is a key characteristic of GABA A receptors?

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels?

In neurotransmission, which ions are used by the GABA and glycine transporter for movement across the membrane?

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Which ion is responsible for opening channels that allow neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse?

What is the microscopic separation between the axon and target tissue called?

What is the essential criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Which of these actions occur when a neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

What is converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

What is the main role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in dopaminergic neurons?

What is the main role of Acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating muscles through motor neurons?

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

What is the primary synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

What does Na+ and Ca++ influx always produce in terms of membrane potential?

How do drugs like Valium exert their effects in relation to GABA?

Which pathway is primarily involved in reward and addiction?

What is the function of dopamine receptors classified as D2-like?

Where are noradrenaline receptors commonly found within the brain?

What happens if serotonin activity is low according to the text?

How is glutamate primarily cleared from the synaptic cleft?

Which ionotropic receptor is involved in glutamate neurotransmission?

What role does noradrenaline play if its levels fall below normal as per the text?

What type of amino acid is glutamate classified as according to the text?

What is the key role of serotoninin the brain based on the text?

What characterizes D1-like dopamine receptors based on the text?

What is the key criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Which ion is primarily responsible for opening channels that allow neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse?

What happens to a neurotransmitter after it binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

Where does chemical transmission occur before it can be transmitted to the postsynaptic cell?

What is the role of synapse in neurotransmission?

What converts the nerve impulse from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

What is a microscopic separation between axon terminals and target tissue called?

What occurs when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal?

In chemical transmission, what is the primary function of neurotransmitters binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

What is the main function of Acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Which postganglionic neurons primarily use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

What is the primary synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

How is GABA clearance typically achieved in the nervous system?

Which ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane generally leads to inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)?

What is the main role of serotonin in the brain based on the text?

Which type of Acetylcholine receptor is mainly found in cardiac muscle?

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

Which enzyme primarily degrades dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

How is acetylcholine action typically terminated in the synaptic cleft?

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted by nerve terminals in various areas of the brain?

How does Valium affect the neurotransmitter GABA?

Which type of receptors are GABA B receptors?

How is GABA action primarily terminated in the synaptic cleft?

Which neurotransmitter transporter uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane?

What can result from a deficiency of GABA in specific brain regions?

Where is GABA primarily secreted by nerve terminals?

Gaba A receptors are classified as which type of receptor?

Where is glutamine transported after being removed from glial cells?

Which drugs influence GABA receptors, leading to changes in neural activity?

Which pathway is primarily involved in motor control and is associated with Parkinson's disease?

What is the primary location of noradrenergic cells in the brain?

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord and influences behavior?

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

Which neurotransmitter's low activity is associated with aggression, impulsive eating, and depression?

What is the primary mechanism of glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft?

Which pathway involves cells from the ventral tegmental area projecting to cortex and limbic structures?

What is the primary function of noradrenaline in the brain based on the context provided?

What differentiates serotonin from dopamine and norepinephrine in terms of degradation within the presynaptic terminal?

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

Where does exocytosis of neurotransmitters occur?

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

What is the primary synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

How is acetylcholine action typically terminated in the synaptic cleft?

What occurs when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and is associated with stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

What is a key characteristic of GABA A receptors?

What is the primary role of GABA in the nervous system?

How do drugs like Valium affect the neurotransmitter GABA?

What is the consequence of GABA deficiency in specific areas of the brain?

How is GABA clearance typically achieved in the nervous system?

What differentiates GABA A receptors from GABA B receptors?

Which enzyme stimulates glutamate decarboxylase?

What is the main function of glutamine in neurotransmission?

What impact does alcohol have on GABA receptors?

How does GABA A receptor activation impact neuronal activity?

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Which type of neurotransmission involves the activation of a second messenger system?

What is converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

What type of ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane will lead to graded changes in membrane potential?

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

What enzyme degrades serotonin within the presynaptic terminal?

What occurs when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal?

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

What is a key criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and has a key role in stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Which neurotransmitter pathway is involved in reward and addiction and originates from cells in the ventral tegmental area projecting to the cortex and limbic structures?

Which neurotransmitter receptor type is involved in memory and learning, synapse formation, and has pathological roles, such as excitotoxicity?

Which neurotransmitter increases alertness, arousal, and reaction time, with a role in mood regulation and concentration?

What is the primary role of serotonin in relation to pain pathways and behavior?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily cleared by reuptake into the presynaptic terminal via the serotonin transporter?

Where are noradrenaline receptors mainly found within the brain?

What happens to dopamine molecules once inside the presynaptic terminal?

What are the main synthetic compartments for glutamate?

How is dopamine action primarily terminated within the presynaptic terminal?

What is the term for the potential change produced in the post-synaptic cell?

Which ion's influx always produces an Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)?

What happens to GABA after being taken into the glial cells?

What is the main neurotransmitter associated with muscle activation?

Which neurotransmitter system involves G-protein coupled receptors?

Which enzyme primarily degrades acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft?

What is the main effect of GABA on the presynaptic neuron?

Where is acetylcholine primarily synthesized in the nervous system?

Which drugs work by inhibiting Gaba transaminase?

What is the primary effect of GABA A receptors?

What receptor type does glutamate typically bind to for mediating its effects?

Which neurotransmitter deficiency can result in epilepsy?

'Blocking Ach in BCFS interferes with learning tasks' - What does 'BCFS' stand for?

What is the role of sodium valproate in relation to glutamate?

'Choline moiety is taken back up into the nerve terminus where it's remade into more Ach' - What is 'Ach' in this statement?

'Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP): voltage changes that reduce the likelihood of an action potential being produced.' - What ion's efflux mainly produces an IPSP?

Which neurotransmitter transporter also uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane similar to GABA?

Which neurotransmitter is essential for processing memory and learning, particularly decreased in Alzheimer's disease?

What happens if glutamate is reuptaken into the presynaptic terminal?

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe of the brain stem and has a key role in stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

What is the primary mechanism for terminating glutamate action in the synaptic cleft?

In which area are noradrenergic cells primarily located in the brain?

Which type of DA receptors cause an increase in cAMP levels?

What characterizes the Nigrostriatal Pathway in terms of function?

Which neurotransmitter pathway originates from cells in the ventral tegmental area and projects to limbic structures and cortex, playing a role in reward and addiction?

Which neurotransmitter is known to be associated with anxiety, depression, aggression, and impulsive behavior when its levels fall below normal?

What is the primary function of glutamate as a neurotransmitter?

What is the role of calcium ions in neurotransmission?

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

Where is the synaptic cleft located?

What is the primary function of a synapse in neurotransmission?

Which ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

What is the primary role of a reuptake transporter for a neurotransmitter?

What happens to a neurotransmitter once it binds to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in reward and addiction, with pathways involving cells from the ventral tegmental area projecting to cortex and limbic structures?

What neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe, stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Which neurotransmitter is involved in motor control and is associated with Parkinson's disease when dopaminergic neurons producing it are lost?

In neurotransmission, which amino acid must be synthesized in neurons as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier?

Which type of receptors are DA1 and DA5 receptors classified as?

What is the primary mechanism for terminating glutamate action in the synapse?

Which neurotransmitter transporter primarily uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane similar to GABA?

What is the key role of noradrenaline in the brain based on the provided text?

"NA receptors are metabotropic" - What does 'NA' stand for in this context?

"Ionotropic: NMDA, AMPA, Kainate" - What do these receptor types primarily respond to?

What is the role of GABA in the nervous system?

Which ionotropic receptor opens chlorine channels?

How is GABA action terminated in the synaptic cleft?

Which drug inhibits GABA transaminase?

What is the primary function of glutamate as a neurotransmitter?

What neurotransmitter can lead to anxiety disorders when decreased?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nerve terminals in the hippocampus?

What happens if GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain?

Which type of GABA receptor is Gaba B?

How does sodium valproate affect glutamate decarboxylase?

What is the role of G protein-coupled receptors in neurotransmission?

What does the term Post-Synaptic Potential (PSP) refer to?

Which ion's efflux typically produces an Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)?

What is the primary function of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?

How is acetylcholine action terminated in the synaptic cleft?

Which neurotransmitter system is thought to be involved in cognition, memory, and the sleep/wake cycle?

What is the main function of choline acetyltransferase in neurotransmission?

'Choline moiety is taken back up into the nerve terminus where it's remade into more Ach' - What is 'Ach' in this statement?

'Acetylcholine is made from choline and acetyl CoA in the nerve terminus' - What enzyme breaks down Acetylcholine when not bound to receptors?

What happens when glutamate is taken up by neighboring glial cells in the synaptic cleft?

What is the role of calcium ions in neurotransmission?

What is the function of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

Where does exocytosis of neurotransmitters primarily occur?

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

What initiates the action potential propagation to the next cell in neurotransmission?

What is the primary function of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmission?

What is the consequence of neurotransmitter binding to reuptake transporters?

What is a key criterion for a molecule to be considered as a neurotransmitter?

How is a nerve impulse converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal in neurotransmission?

Where does the conversion of an action potential to a chemical signal take place before transmission?

What is the main criterion to consider a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Where does the conversion of an action potential to a chemical signal occur before transmission?

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

What is the microscopic separation between axon and target tissue called?

How are neurotransmitters inactivated or transported back into the presynaptic terminal?

Which type of ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane leads to graded changes in membrane potential?

What is the primary function of a synapse in neurotransmission?

Which enzyme is responsible for degrading acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft?

How does GABA action primarily terminate in the synaptic cleft?

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

What is the primary function of Acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with processing memory and learning but is decreased in patients with Alzheimer’s disease?

What enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading Acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft?

Which ion is responsible for the hyperpolarization of the membrane when it enters or exits the cell?

Where is Acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA?

Which type of receptors is primarily involved in Acetylcholine action at the neuromuscular junction?

What is the main effect of blocking Acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Which neurotransmitter contributes to enhancing the likelihood of an action potential forming by inducing voltage changes?

What happens to Choline after Acetylcholine has been degraded in the synaptic cleft?

Which neurotransmitter plays a significant role in innervating the cortex, hippocampus, and limbic system within the brain?

What is the primary function of the Nigrostriatal Pathway in the brain?

Which neurotransmitter is mainly secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and is associated with stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

What is the primary method of terminating glutamate action in the synaptic cleft?

Which type of DA receptor causes a decrease in cAMP levels?

Where are Noradrenaline receptors NOT typically found within the brain?

Which neurotransmitter is associated with emotional responses such as euphoria or pleasure?

What is a key characteristic of ionotropic glutamate receptors based on the text?

What is the primary function of GABA A receptors?

Which neurotransmitter deficiency can result in epilepsy?

What is the primary role of sodium valproate in neurotransmission?

How do GABA and glycine neurotransmitters typically get cleared in the nervous system?

Which drugs affect GABA receptors leading to changes in neural activity?

What is the primary function of GABA B receptors?

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA receptors?

What is the consequence of Na+ and Ca++ influx across the postsynaptic membrane?

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in neurotransmission?

Which neurotransmitter primarily regulates muscle activation in the nervous system?

What is the primary synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

What receptors are primarily involved in acetylcholine action at the neuromuscular junction?

Where does GABA primarily secreted by nerve terminals?

What is the primary function of serotonin in the brain based on the text?

What happens to GABA after being taken into the glial cells?

Where are noradrenaline receptors found in the brain?

What is converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

Which neurotransmitter deficiency is associated with a range of behaviors such as aggression, impulsive eating, and depression?

Where are Noradrenaline receptors typically NOT found in the brain?

Which type of receptors are involved in Acetylcholine action at the neuromuscular junction?

What is the primary role of Acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Which neurotransmitter system is thought to be involved in cognition, memory, and the sleep/wake cycle?

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted by nerve terminals in various brain areas?

Which neurotransmitter pathway plays a role in reward and addiction, originating from cells in the ventral tegmental area and projecting to limbic structures and cortex?

Which ion efflux mainly leads to the production of an Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)?

What is the primary function of GABA B receptors?

What is the main role of neurotransmitters in chemical transmission?

Where does the synaptic cleft exist within the neuron structure?

What is the primary function of a synapse in neurotransmission?

Which ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

What occurs in the postsynaptic membrane when neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites?

Which criteria must a molecule meet to be considered a neurotransmitter?

How is a nerve impulse converted to a chemical signal before it can be transmitted to the postsynaptic cell?

What initiates action potential propagation to the next cell in neurotransmission?

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels?

What is the main consequence of GABA deficiency in certain brain areas?

Which neurotransmitter pathway originating from the ventral tegmental area influences reward and addiction?

What is the primary function of GABA A receptors?

How do drugs like Valium work in relation to GABA?

What is the primary role of sodium valproate in neurotransmission?

Which neurotransmitter transporter primarily uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane?

What happens when glutamate is transported back into the presynaptic terminal?