Dopamine Pathway Overview

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What is a key criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Being synthesized in the postsynaptic neuron

Stored inactively in synaptic vesicles (correct)

Binds to reuptake transporters on the postsynaptic membrane

Being released from synaptic vesicles into the axon terminal

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Depolarization of the postsynaptic terminal

Binding of neurotransmitter to receptors on the presynaptic membrane

Activation of specific enzymes in the vesicles

Entry of calcium ions into the presynaptic terminal (correct)

What happens to a neurotransmitter after it binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

It is inactivated or transported back into the presynaptic terminal (correct)

It is transported back into the presynaptic terminal

It causes changes in the presynaptic membrane potential

It is degraded by specific enzymes

What is the purpose of the synaptic cleft in chemical transmission?

To convert the nerve impulse into a chemical signal (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of GABA in the nervous system?

Preventing firing of the presynaptic neuron (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do drugs like Valium work in relation to GABA?

Enhancing the effects of GABA (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sodium valproate in relation to GABA?

Stimulating glutamate decarboxylase (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type does GABA A belong to?

Ligand-gated ionotropic receptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain?

Onset of epilepsy (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is GABA clearance achieved in the nervous system?

Reuptake into glial cells for breakdown (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is responsible for motor control, involving the cells in substantia nigra projecting to the striatum?

Dopamine Pathway (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and is associated with stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Serotonin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dopamine receptors cause an increase in cAMP levels?

D1-like (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the locus coeruleus cells in the brain?

Alertness and vigilance (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

Serotonin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme degrades dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

Neurons (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dopamine molecules once they enter the presynaptic terminal?

They are repackaged into vesicles (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if norepinephrine levels fall below normal?

Anxiety and depression (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role does glutamate play as a neurotransmitter?

Excitatory neurotransmitter (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are noradrenaline receptors found in the brain?

Thalamus and cortex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the potential change produced in the post-synaptic cell?

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurotransmission involves the activation of a second messenger system?

Slow Neurotransmission (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane will lead to graded changes in membrane potential?

Current flow (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter contributes to both excitatory and inhibitory action potentials?

Acetylcholine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does Na+ and Ca++ influx always produce in terms of membrane potential?

EPSP (depolarization) (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is glutamate cleared from the synaptic cleft?

Reuptake into axon terminal or transport into gilal cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

"How is Acetylcholine action terminated in the synaptic cleft?"

By degradation by acetylcholinesterase into choline and acetate molecules (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which process allows neurotransmitters to be released from synaptic vesicles?

Exocytosis triggered by calcium ions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the synaptic cleft in chemical transmission?

To allow the diffusion of neurotransmitters between cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Calcium (Ca2+) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

It triggers the opening and closing of ion channels (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion is essential for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Stored in inactive form outside of vesicles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a nerve impulse reaches the presynaptic terminal?

Opening of ion channels due to depolarization (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neurotransmitters binding to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

Causing post-synaptic potentials (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does a nerve impulse get transmitted from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell?

By diffusion across the synaptic cleft (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does exocytosis of neurotransmitters occur?

Within presynaptic terminal vesicles (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which action follows the binding of neurotransmitters to receptor sites on the post-synaptic membrane?

Opening and closing of ion channels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted by nerve terminals in various areas of the brain?

GABA (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

Anxiety Disorders (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is GABA A receptor?

Ionotropic Ligand-gated Chlorine Channel Opener (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do drugs like Valium exert their effects in relation to GABA?

Enhancing GABA effects (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of GABA deficiency in specific areas of the brain?

Increased Epileptic Activity (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter transporter uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane?

GABA Transporter (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is primarily responsible for reward and addiction?

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in dopaminergic neurons?

Terminate dopamine action by reuptake (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

Serotonin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme degrades serotonin within the presynaptic terminal?

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

Cerebellum and Amygdala (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of DA receptors cause a decrease in cAMP levels?

D2-like (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft?

Reuptake into Glial Cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Innervating the limbic system (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating muscles through motor neurons?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is glutamate primarily cleared from the synaptic cleft?

By uptake into neighboring glial cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors does acetylcholine bind to in cardiac muscle?

Metabotropic nicotinic receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for degrading acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

Acetylcholinesterase (B) Signup and view all the answers

In which region of the brain are large pyramidal cells responsible for releasing acetylcholine?

Motor cortex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to choline after acetylcholine is degraded in the synaptic cleft?

It is transported back into presynaptic terminals (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which postganglionic neurons primarily use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

Parasympathetic nervous system neurons (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nerve terminals in the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and many areas of the cortex?

GABA (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are GABA B receptors?

Metabotropic G-protein coupled (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is GABA action terminated in the synaptic cleft?

Reuptake into glial cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain?

Epilepsy results (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug enhances the effects of GABA in the brain?

Valium (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is glutamine involved in neurotransmission?

Transported back into the presynaptic terminal for glutamate synthesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sodium valproate in relation to GABA?

Stimulates glutamate decarboxylase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of GABA A receptors?

Ionotropic ligand-gated receptors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels?

Anxiety disorders (B) Signup and view all the answers

In neurotransmission, which ions are used by the GABA and glycine transporter for movement across the membrane?

Sodium and calcium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Increased calcium ion concentration (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is responsible for opening channels that allow neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse?

Calcium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the microscopic separation between the axon and target tissue called?

Synaptic cleft (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Binds to reuptake transporters on presynaptic neurons (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these actions occur when a neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

Opening of ion channels causing a change in membrane potential (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

Neurotransmitters (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in dopaminergic neurons?

Clearing dopamine from the synaptic cleft (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of Acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Innervating the cortex, hippocampus, and limbic system (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating muscles through motor neurons?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

Hippocampus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

Nerve terminus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

GABA (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Na+ and Ca++ influx always produce in terms of membrane potential?

EPSP (Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential) (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do drugs like Valium exert their effects in relation to GABA?

Enhancing GABA binding at receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is primarily involved in reward and addiction?

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dopamine receptors classified as D2-like?

Decrease in cAMP levels (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are noradrenaline receptors commonly found within the brain?

Cortex, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if serotonin activity is low according to the text?

Aggression, depression, anxiety disorders (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is glutamate primarily cleared from the synaptic cleft?

Transported into nearby glial cells like serotonin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which ionotropic receptor is involved in glutamate neurotransmission?

NMDA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role does noradrenaline play if its levels fall below normal as per the text?

Anxiety and depression (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of amino acid is glutamate classified as according to the text?

Nonessential amino acid (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of serotoninin the brain based on the text?

Mood stabilization (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes D1-like dopamine receptors based on the text?

Increase in cAMP levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane (A) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Calcium ions entering the presynaptic terminal (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is primarily responsible for opening channels that allow neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse?

Calcium ions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a neurotransmitter after it binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

It causes changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where does chemical transmission occur before it can be transmitted to the postsynaptic cell?

In the synaptic cleft (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synapse in neurotransmission?

To provide a junction between axon terminals and target cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What converts the nerve impulse from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

The action potential in the presynaptic cell (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a microscopic separation between axon terminals and target tissue called?

Synaptic cleft (A) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal?

Opening of calcium channels (A) Signup and view all the answers

In chemical transmission, what is the primary function of neurotransmitters binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

To cause changes in post-synaptic membrane potential (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Enhancing memory and learning (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which postganglionic neurons primarily use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

Neurons in the autonomic nervous system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

Presynaptic terminal (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is GABA clearance typically achieved in the nervous system?

Transport into gilal cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane generally leads to inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)?

$Cl^-$ flux (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of serotonin in the brain based on the text?

Stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Acetylcholine receptor is mainly found in cardiac muscle?

Metabotropic nicotinic receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

Weakened skeletal muscles (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme primarily degrades dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

Monoamine oxidase (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is acetylcholine action typically terminated in the synaptic cleft?

Degradation by acetylcholinesterase (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted by nerve terminals in various areas of the brain?

GABA (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does Valium affect the neurotransmitter GABA?

Enhances GABA effects (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are GABA B receptors?

Metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is GABA action primarily terminated in the synaptic cleft?

Reuptake into the presynaptic terminal and packaging in synaptic vesicles (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter transporter uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane?

GABA transporter (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can result from a deficiency of GABA in specific brain regions?

Epilepsy (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where is GABA primarily secreted by nerve terminals?

Multiple brain regions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Gaba A receptors are classified as which type of receptor?

Ionotropic ligand gated (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where is glutamine transported after being removed from glial cells?

Into the presynaptic terminal for future use in glutamate synthesis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs influence GABA receptors, leading to changes in neural activity?

Alcohol, Benzodiazepines, and barbiturates (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is primarily involved in motor control and is associated with Parkinson's disease?

Nigrostriatal Pathway (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of noradrenergic cells in the brain?

Pons and Medulla (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord and influences behavior?

Serotonin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

Cortex (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter's low activity is associated with aggression, impulsive eating, and depression?

Serotonin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft?

Reuptake into glial cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway involves cells from the ventral tegmental area projecting to cortex and limbic structures?

Mesocorticolimbic Pathway (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of noradrenaline in the brain based on the context provided?

Increasing alertness and arousal (A) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates serotonin from dopamine and norepinephrine in terms of degradation within the presynaptic terminal?

It is solely degraded by monoamine oxidase. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

Increased neural excitability (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where does exocytosis of neurotransmitters occur?

Synaptic cleft (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

Monoamine oxidase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

Endoplasmic reticulum (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is acetylcholine action typically terminated in the synaptic cleft?

Degraded by acetylcholinesterase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal?

Release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and is associated with stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Serotonin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of GABA A receptors?

'Ligand-gated ion channels' (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of GABA in the nervous system?

Inhibiting neural activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do drugs like Valium affect the neurotransmitter GABA?

Enhance GABA effects (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of GABA deficiency in specific areas of the brain?

Promotion of epilepsy (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is GABA clearance typically achieved in the nervous system?

Reuptake into glial cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates GABA A receptors from GABA B receptors?

Opening chloride channels vs. potassium channels (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme stimulates glutamate decarboxylase?

Sodium valproate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glutamine in neurotransmission?

Serving as a precursor for glutamate synthesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does alcohol have on GABA receptors?

Enhances excitatory effects of GABA receptors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does GABA A receptor activation impact neuronal activity?

Opens chloride channels. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

Increased likelihood of an action potential forming (C) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Influx of Cl- ions across the postsynaptic membrane (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurotransmission involves the activation of a second messenger system?

Fast Neurotransmission (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

Post-Synaptic Potential (PSP) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane will lead to graded changes in membrane potential?

Cl- influx (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

In the postsynaptic terminal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme degrades serotonin within the presynaptic terminal?

Serotonin reuptake transporter (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal?

Release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

GABA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

It must be released in response to depolarization (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and has a key role in stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Serotonin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter pathway is involved in reward and addiction and originates from cells in the ventral tegmental area projecting to the cortex and limbic structures?

Dopamine Pathway (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter receptor type is involved in memory and learning, synapse formation, and has pathological roles, such as excitotoxicity?

Glutamate receptors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter increases alertness, arousal, and reaction time, with a role in mood regulation and concentration?

Noradrenaline (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of serotonin in relation to pain pathways and behavior?

Inhibits pain pathways (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily cleared by reuptake into the presynaptic terminal via the serotonin transporter?

Serotonin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where are noradrenaline receptors mainly found within the brain?

Cortex and thalamus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dopamine molecules once inside the presynaptic terminal?

Repackaged into vesicles or degraded by MAO/COMT (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the main synthetic compartments for glutamate?

Both neurons and glial cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is dopamine action primarily terminated within the presynaptic terminal?

Degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the potential change produced in the post-synaptic cell?

Post-Synaptic Potential (PSP) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion's influx always produces an Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)?

Ca++ (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GABA after being taken into the glial cells?

It is broken down in the glial cells. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main neurotransmitter associated with muscle activation?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system involves G-protein coupled receptors?

GABA (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme primarily degrades acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft?

Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of GABA on the presynaptic neuron?

It prevents firing of the presynaptic neuron. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where is acetylcholine primarily synthesized in the nervous system?

Nerve terminus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs work by inhibiting Gaba transaminase?

Valium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of GABA A receptors?

Open chloride channels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What receptor type does glutamate typically bind to for mediating its effects?

Ionotropic receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter deficiency can result in epilepsy?

GABA (A) Signup and view all the answers

'Blocking Ach in BCFS interferes with learning tasks' - What does 'BCFS' stand for?

Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sodium valproate in relation to glutamate?

Stimulates glutamine decarboxylase (C) Signup and view all the answers

'Choline moiety is taken back up into the nerve terminus where it's remade into more Ach' - What is 'Ach' in this statement?

Acetylcholine (D) Signup and view all the answers

'Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP): voltage changes that reduce the likelihood of an action potential being produced.' - What ion's efflux mainly produces an IPSP?

K+ (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter transporter also uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane similar to GABA?

Glycine transporter (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is essential for processing memory and learning, particularly decreased in Alzheimer's disease?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if glutamate is reuptaken into the presynaptic terminal?

It is repackaged in synaptic vesicles. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe of the brain stem and has a key role in stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Serotonin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism for terminating glutamate action in the synaptic cleft?

Reuptake into the presynaptic terminal (A) Signup and view all the answers

In which area are noradrenergic cells primarily located in the brain?

Pons and medulla (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of DA receptors cause an increase in cAMP levels?

D1-like receptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Nigrostriatal Pathway in terms of function?

Responsible for motor control (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter pathway originates from cells in the ventral tegmental area and projects to limbic structures and cortex, playing a role in reward and addiction?

Mesocorticolimbic pathway (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to be associated with anxiety, depression, aggression, and impulsive behavior when its levels fall below normal?

Noradrenaline (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glutamate as a neurotransmitter?

Excitatory neurotransmitter (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium ions in neurotransmission?

Trigger the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

Opening and closing of channels cause changes in post-synaptic membrane potential (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where is the synaptic cleft located?

Between the axon terminals and target cell or tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a synapse in neurotransmission?

Conversion of electrical signals to chemical signals (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Calcium ions (Ca2+) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a reuptake transporter for a neurotransmitter?

Recycle neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a neurotransmitter once it binds to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

It leads to changes in post-synaptic membrane potential (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in reward and addiction, with pathways involving cells from the ventral tegmental area projecting to cortex and limbic structures?

Dopamine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe, stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Serotonin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is involved in motor control and is associated with Parkinson's disease when dopaminergic neurons producing it are lost?

Dopamine (C) Signup and view all the answers

In neurotransmission, which amino acid must be synthesized in neurons as it does not cross the blood-brain barrier?

Glutamine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are DA1 and DA5 receptors classified as?

Metabotropic (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism for terminating glutamate action in the synapse?

Reuptake into presynaptic terminals (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter transporter primarily uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane similar to GABA?

Serotonin transporter (SERT) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of noradrenaline in the brain based on the provided text?

"Vigilance and alertness" (C) Signup and view all the answers

"NA receptors are metabotropic" - What does 'NA' stand for in this context?

"Noradrenaline" (A) Signup and view all the answers

"Ionotropic: NMDA, AMPA, Kainate" - What do these receptor types primarily respond to?

"Glutamate" (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GABA in the nervous system?

Prevents the firing of the presynaptic neuron (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which ionotropic receptor opens chlorine channels?

GABA A (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is GABA action terminated in the synaptic cleft?

By reuptake into the presynaptic terminal and packaging in synaptic vesicles (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which drug inhibits GABA transaminase?

Sodium valproate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glutamate as a neurotransmitter?

Stimulates the firing of the postsynaptic neuron (D) Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitter can lead to anxiety disorders when decreased?

GABA (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nerve terminals in the hippocampus?

GABA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain?

Seizures result (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of GABA receptor is Gaba B?

Metabotropic g-protein-coupled receptor (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does sodium valproate affect glutamate decarboxylase?

Stimulates its activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of G protein-coupled receptors in neurotransmission?

Activate a second messenger system for longer duration of time (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Post-Synaptic Potential (PSP) refer to?

Ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion's efflux typically produces an Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)?

K+ (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Regulating heart rate (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is acetylcholine action terminated in the synaptic cleft?

Degraded by acetylcholinesterase (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system is thought to be involved in cognition, memory, and the sleep/wake cycle?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of choline acetyltransferase in neurotransmission?

Synthesis of acetylcholine from choline and acetylcoenzyme-A (B) Signup and view all the answers

'Choline moiety is taken back up into the nerve terminus where it's remade into more Ach' - What is 'Ach' in this statement?

'Acetylcholine' (C) Signup and view all the answers

'Acetylcholine is made from choline and acetyl CoA in the nerve terminus' - What enzyme breaks down Acetylcholine when not bound to receptors?

'AchE enzyme' (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when glutamate is taken up by neighboring glial cells in the synaptic cleft?

Removal of excess glutamate from synaptic cleft (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium ions in neurotransmission?

Triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles by exocytosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

Bind neurotransmitters and generate post-synaptic potentials (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where does exocytosis of neurotransmitters primarily occur?

Presynaptic terminal (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

Leads to post-synaptic potentials (D) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the action potential propagation to the next cell in neurotransmission?

Opening and closing of ion channels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of synaptic vesicles in neurotransmission?

Release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of neurotransmitter binding to reuptake transporters?

Recycling of neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criterion for a molecule to be considered as a neurotransmitter?

Being stored inactive in synaptic vesicles (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is a nerve impulse converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal in neurotransmission?

Through exocytosis of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the conversion of an action potential to a chemical signal take place before transmission?

Presynaptic terminal (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criterion to consider a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Specific binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the conversion of an action potential to a chemical signal occur before transmission?

Presynaptic cell (C) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Calcium ions entering the presynaptic terminal (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the microscopic separation between axon and target tissue called?

Synaptic cleft (A) Signup and view all the answers

How are neurotransmitters inactivated or transported back into the presynaptic terminal?

Via reuptake transporters (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane leads to graded changes in membrane potential?

$Cl^-$ influx (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a synapse in neurotransmission?

Conversion of electrical signals to chemical signals (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for degrading acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft?

$Acetylcholinesterase$ (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does GABA action primarily terminate in the synaptic cleft?

Through reuptake transporters (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

Change in post-synaptic membrane potential (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Innervate cortex, hippocampus, and limbic system (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with processing memory and learning but is decreased in patients with Alzheimer’s disease?

Acetylcholine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading Acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft?

Acetylcholinesterase (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is responsible for the hyperpolarization of the membrane when it enters or exits the cell?

Cl- (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where is Acetylcholine synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA?

Nerve terminus (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors is primarily involved in Acetylcholine action at the neuromuscular junction?

Ionotropic nicotinic receptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of blocking Acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Decreased memory functions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter contributes to enhancing the likelihood of an action potential forming by inducing voltage changes?

Glutamate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Choline after Acetylcholine has been degraded in the synaptic cleft?

It is actively transported back into the presynaptic terminal (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter plays a significant role in innervating the cortex, hippocampus, and limbic system within the brain?

Acetylcholine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Nigrostriatal Pathway in the brain?

Involvement in motor control (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is mainly secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and is associated with stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Serotonin (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of terminating glutamate action in the synaptic cleft?

Transport into nearby glial cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of DA receptor causes a decrease in cAMP levels?

D2-like receptors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are Noradrenaline receptors NOT typically found within the brain?

Cerebellum (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with emotional responses such as euphoria or pleasure?

Dopamine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of ionotropic glutamate receptors based on the text?

Involvement in memory and learning. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GABA A receptors?

Suppress chloride channels (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter deficiency can result in epilepsy?

GABA (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sodium valproate in neurotransmission?

Stimulate glutamate decarboxylase (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do GABA and glycine neurotransmitters typically get cleared in the nervous system?

Transported into glial cells for breakdown (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs affect GABA receptors leading to changes in neural activity?

Alcohol and barbiturates (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GABA B receptors?

Suppress potassium channels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA receptors?

Enhance receptor binding affinity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of Na+ and Ca++ influx across the postsynaptic membrane?

Depolarization of the membrane (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in neurotransmission?

Inactivating acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter primarily regulates muscle activation in the nervous system?

Acetylcholine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

Presynaptic terminal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What receptors are primarily involved in acetylcholine action at the neuromuscular junction?

Ionotropic nicotinic receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where does GABA primarily secreted by nerve terminals?

Synaptic cleft (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of serotonin in the brain based on the text?

Mediates sleep/wake cycle (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GABA after being taken into the glial cells?

Stored for later use by neurons (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are noradrenaline receptors found in the brain?

Multiple brain regions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter deficiency is associated with a range of behaviors such as aggression, impulsive eating, and depression?

Serotonin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are Noradrenaline receptors typically NOT found in the brain?

Cerebellum (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors are involved in Acetylcholine action at the neuromuscular junction?

Ionotropic (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Regulating involuntary functions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system is thought to be involved in cognition, memory, and the sleep/wake cycle?

Glutamate (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for degrading dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted by nerve terminals in various brain areas?

GABA (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter pathway plays a role in reward and addiction, originating from cells in the ventral tegmental area and projecting to limbic structures and cortex?

Dopamine Pathway (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion efflux mainly leads to the production of an Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)?

Chloride (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GABA B receptors?

Inhibit neurotransmitter release (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of neurotransmitters in chemical transmission?

Binding to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the synaptic cleft exist within the neuron structure?

Between the presynaptic terminal and target tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a synapse in neurotransmission?

Converting electrical signal to chemical signal (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Calcium (Ca2+) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the postsynaptic membrane when neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites?

Opening and closing of channels (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which criteria must a molecule meet to be considered a neurotransmitter?

Release from synaptic vesicles into the synapse (D) Signup and view all the answers

How is a nerve impulse converted to a chemical signal before it can be transmitted to the postsynaptic cell?

Via release from synaptic vesicles into the synapse (C) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates action potential propagation to the next cell in neurotransmission?

Depolarization of presynaptic terminal (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels?

Elevated excitatory signaling in synapses (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of GABA deficiency in certain brain areas?

Epilepsy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter pathway originating from the ventral tegmental area influences reward and addiction?

Dopamine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GABA A receptors?

Open chlorine channels (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do drugs like Valium work in relation to GABA?

Enhance GABA effects (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sodium valproate in neurotransmission?

Stimulates glutamate decarboxylase (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter transporter primarily uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane?

GABA transporter (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when glutamate is transported back into the presynaptic terminal?

Replicated in synaptic vesicles (D) Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What is a key criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

What happens to a neurotransmitter after it binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

What is the purpose of the synaptic cleft in chemical transmission?

What is the main function of GABA in the nervous system?

How do drugs like Valium work in relation to GABA?

What is the role of sodium valproate in relation to GABA?

Which receptor type does GABA A belong to?

What occurs when GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain?

How is GABA clearance achieved in the nervous system?

Which pathway is responsible for motor control, involving the cells in substantia nigra projecting to the striatum?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nuclei originating in the median raphe and is associated with stabilizing mood and feelings of well-being?

Which type of dopamine receptors cause an increase in cAMP levels?

What is the role of the locus coeruleus cells in the brain?

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

Which enzyme degrades dopamine within the presynaptic terminal?

What is the main synthetic compartment for glutamate synthesis?

What happens to dopamine molecules once they enter the presynaptic terminal?

What happens if norepinephrine levels fall below normal?

What role does glutamate play as a neurotransmitter?

Where are noradrenaline receptors found in the brain?

What is the name of the potential change produced in the post-synaptic cell?

Which type of neurotransmission involves the activation of a second messenger system?

What type of ion flow across the postsynaptic membrane will lead to graded changes in membrane potential?

Which neurotransmitter contributes to both excitatory and inhibitory action potentials?

What does Na+ and Ca++ influx always produce in terms of membrane potential?

How is glutamate cleared from the synaptic cleft?

"How is Acetylcholine action terminated in the synaptic cleft?"

Which process allows neurotransmitters to be released from synaptic vesicles?

What is the function of the synaptic cleft in chemical transmission?

Which ion triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites on the postsynaptic membrane?

Which criterion is essential for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

What occurs when a nerve impulse reaches the presynaptic terminal?

What is the function of neurotransmitters binding to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

How does a nerve impulse get transmitted from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell?

Where does exocytosis of neurotransmitters occur?

Which action follows the binding of neurotransmitters to receptor sites on the post-synaptic membrane?

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted by nerve terminals in various areas of the brain?

What is the result of decreased GABA levels in certain brain regions?

Which type of receptor is GABA A receptor?

How do drugs like Valium exert their effects in relation to GABA?

What is the consequence of GABA deficiency in specific areas of the brain?

Which neurotransmitter transporter uses the sodium electrochemical gradient for movement across the membrane?

Which pathway is primarily responsible for reward and addiction?

What is the main role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in dopaminergic neurons?

Which neurotransmitter is known to be an inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord?

What enzyme degrades serotonin within the presynaptic terminal?

Where are glutamate receptors mainly found within the brain?

Which type of DA receptors cause a decrease in cAMP levels?

What is the primary mechanism of glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft?

What is the main role of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for activating muscles through motor neurons?

How is glutamate primarily cleared from the synaptic cleft?

What type of receptors does acetylcholine bind to in cardiac muscle?

Which enzyme is responsible for degrading acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

In which region of the brain are large pyramidal cells responsible for releasing acetylcholine?

What happens to choline after acetylcholine is degraded in the synaptic cleft?

Which postganglionic neurons primarily use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?

Which neurotransmitter is primarily secreted by nerve terminals in the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and many areas of the cortex?

What type of receptors are GABA B receptors?

How is GABA action terminated in the synaptic cleft?

What happens when GABA is lacking in certain parts of the brain?

Which drug enhances the effects of GABA in the brain?

How is glutamine involved in neurotransmission?

What is the role of sodium valproate in relation to GABA?

What is a key characteristic of GABA A receptors?

What is the consequence of decreased GABA levels?

In neurotransmission, which ions are used by the GABA and glycine transporter for movement across the membrane?

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft?

Which ion is responsible for opening channels that allow neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse?

What is the microscopic separation between the axon and target tissue called?

What is the essential criterion for considering a molecule as a neurotransmitter?

Which of these actions occur when a neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane?

What is converted from an electrical signal to a chemical signal before transmission to the postsynaptic cell?

What is the main role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in dopaminergic neurons?