Don't Shoot the Dog Chapter 4 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

There are ______ methods of getting rid of behavior.

8

What are the 'good fairy' methods of getting rid of behavior?

  • Train an incompatible behavior
  • Put the behavior on a cue
  • Shape the absence
  • Change the motivation

What do the 'good fairy' methods have in common?

Uses positive reinforcement

What are the 'bad fairy' methods of getting rid of behavior?

<ul> <li>Shoot the animal</li> <li>Punishment</li> <li>Negative reinforcement</li> <li>Extinction</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What do the 'bad fairy' methods have in common?

<p>Uses negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would an approximation to Method 1 be used to rid yourself of the problem of owning a dog that barks all night?

<p>Debark the dog by cutting its vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the vital thing to understand about all variants of Method 1?

<p>It teaches the subject nothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are we most likely to do if punished behavior occurs again?

<p>Escalate the punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method of getting rid of an undesirable behavior in another individual or creature always works?

<p>Method 1, shooting the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hideous thing about the escalation of punishment?

<p>There is absolutely no end to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Even if subjects understand what they're being punished for, they cannot mitigate the punishment in the present, if only because they ________________________________________.

<p>are fearful or unable to control their behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most a punisher can hope for in terms of behavior change?

<p>The child will try to alter future behavior in order to avoid future punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do people generally think that cats are hard to train?

<p>They seem particularly dense about associating their punishments with their crimes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method would you use to train a cat quite nicely?

<p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the most that a subject will learn from punishment?

<p>To try not to get caught</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason we keep thinking punishment works?

<p>Sometimes the punished behavior stops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are at least two conditions under which punishment might stop behavior without really curing the problem?

<p>If the subject understands which action is being punished, if the motivation for doing the behavior is small, if the fear of future punishment is large, if the subject can control the behavior in the first place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a punishment does halt behavior, who is reinforced by the sequence of events?

<p>The punisher</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you think when you want to punish?

<p>Do you really want to alter behavior or do you really want revenge?</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's advice if you want revenge?

<p>You should seek more wholesome reinforcers for yourself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is guilt ranked along with, as a way of changing behavior?

<p>Flogging or any other form of punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A negative reinforcement is any unpleasant event or stimulus that can ______ or ______ by changing one's behavior.

<p>halted; avoided</p> Signup and view all the answers

A negative reinforcement occurs ______ the performance of a behavior, not __________, and can be '________' by the subject's behavioral change.

<p>right after; long after; ceased prodding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Almost all traditional animal training consists of the applied use of which method?

<p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two provisions for negative reinforcement to work efficiently?

<p>Happens right after, you stop as soon as you get the behavior you want.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is far more effective than negative reinforcement?

<p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the one circumstance in which negative reinforcement is actually preferable to any positive approach?

<p>This question requires specific contextual understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you be quite sure of before you choose negative reinforcement over any positive approach?

<p>This question requires specific contextual understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When you do choose negative reinforcement, the signal of your disapproval should be ___________________ and ______________________.

<p>immediate; clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trick with negative reinforcement?

<p>Knowing when to stop using it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author think of the ignoring part in extinction used by a mother with a tantruming child?

<p>This question requires specific contextual understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another trick to the use of negative reinforcement?

<p>How the subject perceives it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the boxer dog defeat the old mousetrap-training trick?

<p>Pulls a blanket down over the mouse traps then lays on the blanket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is negative reinforcement not effective with human babies?

<p>Babies don't understand time-outs and scoldings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal difference between wild and domesticated animals according to psychologist Harry Frank?

<p>All domesticated animals are susceptible to negative reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it likely that all domestic animals are susceptible to negative reinforcement?

<p>We have intentionally or accidentally bred this characteristic into them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal shares our homes with us but is not truly a domesticated animal?

<p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a cat hater dislike cats?

<p>It's hard to train them; they like mutual benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could a cat hater use to keep the world's cats at bay?

<p>Spraying water at the cat's face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction in the context of training animals?

<p>When food doesn't come anymore, a rat taught to press a lever for food will gradually stop responding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why doesn't extinction always work with human beings?

<p>Ignoring a human being is a result in itself; it is unsocial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you do if you are the author stuck with someone else's whiny child?

<p>Inform the child that whining doesn't work; reinforce positive behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you use extinction to weaken many disagreeable behaviors without ignoring the person?

<p>Ignore the behavior without ignoring the person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What choice did Apo, the dolphin, have during the show?

<p>Press the lever or beat up the swimmer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can we deal with a muscular pattern that has been learned wrong, like a tennis swing?

<p>Train an incompatible behavior; breakdown and rebuild the swing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'putting behavior on cue' used?

<p>Bring the behavior under the control of a cue, then never give the cue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Deborah use a doorknob cue to control a small dog?

<p>Used a cardboard disk to signal when to let the dog in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Peter-the-noisy-poodle defeat Deborah's doorknob cue?

<p>He learned how to jerk the towel off the doorknob.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who would you use shaping the absence of behavior to eliminate?

<p>My mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the best ways to change behavior?

<p>Change motivation via accurate estimation of motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you or a friend has a puzzling behavioral problem, ______________.

<p>think hard about possible motivations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In analyzing possible motivations, never forget the possibility of causes such as hunger, illness, ____________, or __________.

<p>loneliness; fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

If it is possible to eliminate the underlying cause and thus eliminate or change the ______________, you've got it made.

<p>motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In food deprivation, what is the theory?

<p>The more an animal needs food reinforcement the harder and more reliably it will work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Karen Pryor's suspicion about reducing normal levels of reinforcement before training?

<p>It's just a poor excuse for bad training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What creates high motivation in most cases?

<p>Good training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nail biting is both a symptom of stress and a diversion that tends to relieve tension momentarily. In animals such activity is called ____________ behavior.

<p>displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

In animals under conditions of confinement, displacement behavior may be carried out so repetitiously that it leads to __________________.

<p>self-mutilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

If nail biting is your problem, what is probably the best way to get rid of it?

<p>Use a combination of all four of the positive methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior that needs to be changed in terms of tardiness?

<p>Yourself; you need to change the motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fastest way to conquer being late is Method 8, which is ______________.

<p>changing the motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are you likely to find the most effective trainer in cases of addictive behavior?

<p>The subject; yourself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Of the eight methods, which one is the exception as an aid to tackling addictive behavior?

<p>Punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Good and Bad Fairy Methods

  • Eight methods available for addressing undesirable behavior.
  • Good fairy methods include training incompatible behaviors and using positive reinforcement.
  • Good fairy methods focus on enhancing motivations rather than punishing unwanted behaviors.

Good Fairy Methods

  • Train an incompatible behavior to replace the undesirable one.
  • Putting the behavior on cue helps control when it occurs.
  • Shaping the absence allows for gradual reduction of the unwanted behavior.
  • Changing motivation can effectively redirect behaviors positively.

Bad Fairy Methods

  • Bad fairy methods include punishment, negative reinforcement, and extinction.
  • These methods often lead to escalation of punishment without teaching the subject anything.
  • They commonly result in negative emotions and reinforce the punisher rather than the subject’s understanding.

Understanding Behavior Modification

  • Punishment often fails to teach desired behavior and may only motivate avoidance of being caught.
  • Children and animals often do not learn from punishment due to a lack of understanding of the association between action and consequence.
  • The common misconception that punishment is effective stems from its temporary results in stopping behavior.

Escalation of Punishment

  • Once punishment is administered, if the behavior persists, the tendency is to escalate rather than modify approach.
  • Behavior can cease under certain conditions, but underlying issues often remain unresolved.

Effective Training Techniques

  • Positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment in shaping new behaviors.
  • Cueing behavior involves conditioning responses based on signals, making it easier to reinforce or reduce habits.
  • Extinction works when undesired behaviors are ignored effectively, allowing behaviors to diminish over time.

Behavioral Examples

  • Ignoring a child’s whining while providing praise when quiet reinforces desired behavior.
  • Changing a dog's expectation through controlled cues can modify their behavior towards yapping.

Motivation and Training

  • Understanding motivation is essential in changing behavior; misjudging this can lead to ineffective training.
  • Positive experiences tend to enhance learning, while deprivation of rewards may lead to unrest and inefficiency in training.

Displacement Behavior

  • Behaviors such as nail biting can arise from stress and may require positive strategies to mitigate.
  • Displacement behaviors in animals can lead to self-destructive actions under confinement.

Managing Addictive Behaviors

  • To tackle addictive behaviors, engaging in all positive methods, excluding punishment, promotes better outcomes.
  • Self-training and personal motivation are pivotal in effective behavior modification.

Conclusion

  • Effective behavior modification involves positive reinforcement, understanding underlying motivations, and applying appropriate methods judiciously.
  • A nuanced approach that avoids punitive measures fosters better learning outcomes and behavioral management.

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Test your knowledge on Chapter 4 of 'Don't Shoot the Dog' with these flashcards. Explore the various methods discussed in the chapter for modifying behavior using positive reinforcement techniques. Ideal for students and enthusiasts of behavioral psychology.

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