Domestication and Biotechnology Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'domesticate' refer to?

To protect animals from extinction

To tame and cultivate a wild animal or plant for human use (correct)

To breed wild animals for entertainment

To genetically modify a species for resilience

Which of the following practices involves mating organisms with desired traits?

Gene therapy

Modern biotechnology

Wild breeding

Traditional biotechnology (correct)

Which technology is specifically associated with genetic modifications using artificial DNA?

Recombinant DNA Technology (correct)

Cloning

Classical breeding

Selective breeding

What year did recombinant DNA technology emerge due to the discovery of restriction enzymes?

1968 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of classical breeding?

Kobe Beef Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes traditional biotechnology from modern biotechnology?

Traditional biotechnology has a longer historical use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of recombinant DNA technology?

To produce artificial DNA for various applications Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT a feature of modern biotechnology?

Used exclusively for agricultural improvements Signup and view all the answers

What defines the boundaries of eons in geological time?

Significant changes in Earth's geology Signup and view all the answers

Which event is associated with the end of the Paleozoic Era?

The end-Permian mass extinction Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Cretaceous Period?

The presence of dinosaurs and a significant extinction event Signup and view all the answers

How are epochs primarily defined?

By specific changes in the fossil record Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is commonly used to determine the numerical ages of rock layers?

Radiometric dating Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of global stratigraphy in geological studies?

To correlate rock layers and fossils across different regions Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosomal abnormality is Trisomy 21?

Aneuploidy with an extra chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive isolating mechanism occurs when potential mates occupy different geographic areas?

Geographic Isolation Signup and view all the answers

What significant change is often used to define the boundaries of periods and epochs?

Presence or absence of fossil species Signup and view all the answers

Which epoch is characterized by repeated glaciations and Ice Age mammals?

Pleistocene Epoch Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main forces that lead to the accumulation of genetic differences in isolated populations?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What does speciation refer to?

The process by which one species splits into multiple species Signup and view all the answers

Which isolation mechanism prevents fertilization due to differences in mating behaviors?

Behavioral Isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of speciation occurs due to geographical separation?

Allopatric Speciation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pre-zygotic isolation mechanism?

Hybrid Sterility Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism can prevent gene flow between two populations?

Geographic barriers can hinder gene flow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of sympatric speciation?

It involves members of a population diverging within the same habitat. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor for parapatric speciation to occur?

Reduced gene flow with strong disruptive selection. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding microevolution?

It involves small-scale changes that affect one or a few genes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between archaea and bacteria regarding their cell wall composition?

Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall Signup and view all the answers

What does macroevolution primarily refer to?

Large-scale evolutionary changes over extended time periods. Signup and view all the answers

What defines homologous structures in different species?

Anatomical features with a common evolutionary origin but potentially different functions. Signup and view all the answers

How many types of RNA are present in archaea?

3 Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy is NOT practiced by archaea?

Spore formation Signup and view all the answers

Which habitat is NOT typically associated with archaea?

Mountain tops Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metabolic activities is unique to archaea?

Methanogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily leads to reproductive isolation in sympatric speciation?

Abrupt genetic changes within the population. Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would gene flow be most likely to occur?

Among neighboring populations experiencing environmental changes. Signup and view all the answers

What type of lipid linkage is predominant in the membranes of archaea?

Ether-linked lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates homologous structures?

The forelimbs of humans, bats, and whales. Signup and view all the answers

What is the sensitivity of archaea to diphtheria toxin?

Sensitive Signup and view all the answers

In terms of genetic similarity to eukaryotes, how do archaea compare to bacteria?

More similar than bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the rigidity of archaea in harsh conditions?

Very rigid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary translation initiation codon used in archaea for protein synthesis?

Methionine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Domestication of Plants and Animals

Domestication involves taming and cultivating plants or animals for human use.
Key traits for domestication include favorable characteristics for food and medicine.
Classical breeding focuses on mating organisms with desired traits.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology combines biology and technology, using microorganisms for industrial purposes.
Traditional biotechnology dates back thousands of years, whereas modern biotechnology involves genetic engineering.
Modern biotechnology has applications in various fields, including agriculture, medicine, and bioremediation.

Examples of Trait Enhancement

Kobe Beef/Wagyu Beef: Developed through classical breeding.
Macapuno: A variation of coconut, also created via classical breeding.
Flavr Savr Tomato: First genetically modified organism (GMO) for delayed ripening using recombinant DNA technology.

Recombinant DNA Technology

This technology allows the creation of artificial DNA by combining genetic materials from different sources.
Emerged in 1968 with the discovery of restriction enzymes by Werner Arber.
Genetic engineering involves inserting desired genes into a host genome.

Speciation

Speciation is the process where one species divides into two or more species due to reproductive isolation.
Genetic differences accumulate in isolated populations, preventing interbreeding over time.

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

Pre-Zygotic Isolation: Prevents fertilization and the formation of zygotes.
- Geographic Isolation: Populations occupy different habitats.
- Temporal Isolation: Reproductive cycles occur at different times.
- Behavioral Isolation: Different courtship behaviors.
- Mechanical Isolation: Differences in reproductive anatomy.
- Gametic Isolation: Incompatibilities between egg and sperm.

Modes of Speciation

Allopatric Speciation: Occurs when populations are geographically separated.
Sympatric Speciation: Divergence within the same habitat, often due to genetic changes.
Parapatric Speciation: Neighboring populations evolve into separate species, with reduced gene flow.

Evidence of Evolution

Evolution is a central principle in biology, reflected in genetic changes within populations over time.
Two types of evolution:
- Macroevolution: Large-scale changes over long periods.
- Microevolution: Small-scale changes within populations.

Homologous Structures

Similar physical features across different species suggest common ancestry.
Example: Forelimbs of humans, bats, and whales share a similar bone structure.

Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

Archaea:
- Typically have ether-linked lipids in membranes with no peptidoglycan in cell walls.
- More similar to eukaryotes in RNA types and transcription processes.
Bacteria:
- Contain ester-linked lipids with peptidoglycan present in cell walls.
- Distinct single type of RNA polymerase and unique translation mechanisms.

Major Habitats of Archaea

Found in extreme environments such as deep seas, geysers, hydrothermal vents, and human intestines.

Key Terms and Concepts

Genetic Drift: Changes in allele frequencies due to random sampling in small populations.
Gene Flow: Movement of genes between populations through migration.
Non-Random Mating: Mating that is influenced by specific traits, affecting genetic diversity.

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Description

Explore the fascinating concepts of domestication and biotechnology in this quiz. Learn about the traits that make plants and animals suitable for human use and discover the evolution from classical breeding to modern genetic engineering. Test your knowledge on key examples and technologies that shape our food and agriculture today.