Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
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Questions and Answers

What is the process of transferring genes from one type to another or modifying the genes of the same type?

  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biotechnology (correct)
  • Translation
  • Transcription

    • Which process involves converting the information in the DNA of a cell into mRNA?

  • Tissue Engineering
  • Translation
  • Biotechnology
  • Transcription (correct)

    • What does mRNA encode during the process of translation?

  • Small nuclear RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
  • Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide (correct)
  • Transfer RNA

    • What brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation?

    <p>Transfer RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for carrying out the conversion of DNA information into mRNA?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does rRNA make up along with ribosomal proteins?

    <p>The ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Rho-dependent termination in RNA transcription?

    <p>Destabilizes the interaction between the template and the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme degrades DNA molecules by breaking the phosphodiester bonds that link one nucleotide to the next?

    <p>Nucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of reverse transcription?

    <p>Transcribes single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of euchromatin?

    <p>Transcriptionally active and lesser coiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA Ligase?

    <p>Sticks two pieces of DNA together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Rho-independent termination rely on to stop RNA transcription?

    <p>Formation of a hairpin loop in the newly synthesized RNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do endonucleases do in DNA molecules?

    <p>Break internal phosphodiester bonds at specific sequence in the interior parts of the DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about palindrome DNA?

    <p>It reads the same on both strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of endoribonuclease?

    <p>Cleave internal bond in RNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does exonuclease do to DNA molecules?

    <p>Degrades DNA molecules by breaking phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the prefix 'Bio' in 'Biotechnology'?

    <p>Life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which ancient civilization was moldy curds used as an antibiotic?

    <p>Chinese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of biotechnology according to the text?

    <p>Meeting basic needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process was used by the Greeks to increase soil fertility according to the text?

    <p>Crop rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Industrial Biotechnology?

    <p>Creating less waste during production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of biotechnology is involved in the application to agricultural processes and products?

    <p>Green Biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the year when the first transformation of bacteria was achieved by Boyer and Cohen?

    <p>1972</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Red Biotechnology?

    <p>Manufacturing pharmaceuticals like enzymes, antibiotics, and vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field does not involve branch learning in biotechnology?

    <p>Mechanical Engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Industrial Biotechnology referred to as white biotechnology?

    <p>Because it creates less waste during production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Modern Biotechnology manipulate in an organism?

    <p>Genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Green Biotechnology?

    <p>Agricultural processes and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the year 2010 in the field of biotechnology?

    <p>First synthetic cell created</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Biotechnology involve learning from?

    <p>Various areas of life science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of beverages were traditionally produced using industrial exploitation of fermentation process?

    <p>Alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Industrial Biotechnology?

    <p>Focuses on using living cells or their enzymes to create industrial products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetic Modification and Transcription

    • The process of transferring genes from one type to another or modifying the genes of the same type is known as genetic modification.
    • Transcription is the process of converting the information in the DNA of a cell into mRNA.

    Translation and mRNA

    • During translation, mRNA encodes the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein.
    • Amino acids are brought to ribosomes during translation by tRNA.

    RNA Transcription

    • The enzyme responsible for carrying out the conversion of DNA information into mRNA is RNA polymerase.
    • Rho-dependent termination is a process that stops RNA transcription by releasing the RNA transcript from the DNA template.
    • Rho-independent termination relies on the formation of a hairpin loop in the RNA transcript to stop transcription.

    Ribosomes and rRNA

    • rRNA makes up the majority of the RNA component of ribosomes, along with ribosomal proteins.

    DNA Modification and Degradation

    • The enzyme responsible for degrading DNA molecules by breaking the phosphodiester bonds that link one nucleotide to the next is DNase.
    • DNA Ligase is an enzyme that seals gaps in DNA molecules by forming phosphodiester bonds.
    • Reverse transcription is the process of converting RNA into DNA.

    Chromatin Structure

    • Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin that is more accessible to transcription factors.

    Biotechnology

    • The primary focus of biotechnology is to apply biological principles to develop new products and technologies.
    • Biotechnology involves learning from nature and applying it to solve real-world problems.
    • The prefix 'Bio' in 'Biotechnology' means life or living organisms.

    History of Biotechnology

    • The ancient civilization that used moldy curds as an antibiotic was Greece.
    • The Greeks used crop rotation to increase soil fertility.
    • The year 1973 was a significant milestone in biotechnology, marking the first transformation of bacteria by Boyer and Cohen.
    • The year 2010 was significant in biotechnology, marking the completion of the Human Genome Project.

    Branches of Biotechnology

    • Industrial Biotechnology focuses on the development of new products and processes using microorganisms.
    • Green Biotechnology is involved in the application of biotechnology to agricultural processes and products.
    • Red Biotechnology is focused on the development of medical products and technologies.
    • White Biotechnology is another name for Industrial Biotechnology, due to its focus on industrial applications.

    Other Biotechnology Concepts

    • Palindrome DNA is a type of DNA that reads the same forwards and backwards.
    • Endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific sequences.
    • Endoribonuclease is an enzyme that degrades RNA molecules.
    • Exonuclease is an enzyme that degrades DNA molecules from the ends.
    • Fermentation was traditionally used to produce beverages such as beer and wine.

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    Test your knowledge of biotechnology, genetic engineering, and tissue engineering concepts. Explore the principles of transferring genes, tissue growth, and transcription processes.

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