Domestic Animal Digestive System

• The subject matter is the digestive system of domestic animals

Digestive System Basics

• Essential for sustaining life, depending on nutrients from food for bodily processes
• Nutrient deficiency results in consumption of bodily reserves for energy; prolonged deficiency leads to tissue degradation

Digestive Tract Structure and Function

• An "empty" and "tubular" structure spanning from mouth to anus
• Physically breaks food down into smaller parts
• Physical processes include mastication; chemical processes involve gastric juices

Digestion and Absorption Processes

• Digestion is the breakdown and absorption of foods, while absorption is passage through intestinal epithelium
• Animals are classified by diet: carnivores consume animal protein, herbivores consume plant protein, and omnivores consume both.

Roles of the Digestive Tract

• Provides continuous nutrients, water, and electrolytes
• Stores food for digestion
• Metabolizes food for absorption and excretes waste: products that are not digested

Factors Influencing Digestion

• Mechanical: mastication, swallowing, regurgitation, gastric motility, defecation Secretory: digestive glands
• Chemical: enzymes, plant matter, hydrochloric acid from gastric mucosa
• Microbial: microorganisms in the fore-stomach and intestines

Key Components & Accessory Organs

• Key components include: mouth, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus
• Accessory organs include: pancreas, liver, salivary glands

Mouth Functions

• Serves as the entry point
• Where food particle size is reduced & lubrication via saliva
• Starts the process of food breakdown, particularly starch, through ptyalin action
• Ptyalin is the primary enzyme

Teeth and Their Function

• Reduce particle size, increasing surface area for chemical and microbiological breakdown
• Serve to protect, catch food, and grind

Tongue Characteristics

• Has taste buds for tasting various flavors
• Muscle that moves food and helps with chewing and swallowing
• Surface is rough and aids with chewing/swallowing

Saliva Composition and Types

• Contains enzymes & other features
• Saliva is either serous for electrolytes, mucous for viscosity/protection, or mixed

Factors Affecting Salivation

• Chewing accelerates saliva release
• Fibrous food promotes increased saliva production from rumen contact
• Concentrated food causes an increase of saliva production, which is higher than determined by roughage
• Distension of esophageal walls stimulates increased salivation
• Aromatic stimulus can increase saliva production

Saliva Functions

• Saliva moistens food for easier ingestion
• Saliva is key for taste stimulation and gastric juice production
• Lipase in saliva helps with triglyceride hydrolysis
• Saliva lubricates with mucin to facilitate the movement of food

More Saliva Functions

• Slight antibacterial properties
• Neutralizes acids in the rumen via alkaline ions, maintaining pH
• Supplies micronutrients in the rumen, also reducing foam
• Excretes excess substances like mercury and potassium

Pharynx Functions

• Shared path for food and air
• A muscular pipe, with the glottis—trachea opening—located in the pharynx

Stomach Overview

• Domestic animals' stomachs are split according to structure: ruminant and non-ruminant
• Ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats vs non-ruminants like horses, pigs, and birds

Stomach Structure

• The non-ruminant is rather simple with a single compartment
• Non-ruminants are typically single-compartment with the exception of the equine
• Avian stomachs are unique, requiring a separate study
• Ruminant stomachs are complex, featuring four compartments with one secretory component

Notable Characteristics

• Functions as a storage area
• The gastric mucosa produces mucus for protection and has gastric glands
• Gastric juices contain hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
• The gastric juices contains a low pH of 1.5-2.5
• Mucus prevents juice from corroding the stomach lining

Duodenum Function

• Secretin and CCK hormones support pancreatic/liver function
• Suppresses gas
• They trigger enzyme secretion and bile production
• CCK signals fullness to the hypothalamus

Intestine Structure

• The small intestine contains the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum sections
• The large intestine features the cecum
• Cecums in horses/rabbits enable processing ability

Jejunum Function

• The gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) has its function
• Glucose processes and insulin emission

Large Intestine

• Its main job is water re-absorption, secretion of mucus for lubrication
• Consists of the cecum and colon, and its development differs by animal diet
• This organ occurs in the gut of animals; rumen is fermentative for ruminants
• Enzymatic breakdown follows large intestine fermentation
• Non-ruminants fermentation occurs in the cecum and colon

Digestive Enzymes

• Salivary breaks down into maltose
• Gastric/HCL enzymes break down to polypeptides
• Liver/Bile breaks down lipds to emulsification
• Trypsin enzymes break down from enzymes into amino acids
• Lipase turns into fatty acids/glycerol
• Carbohydrates transfer to glucose and fructose
• Peptids/Dipeptide/Lactose all convert

Pancreatic Gland

• Serves endocrine/exocrine functions
• Makes hormones and digestive fluids
• Aligned/nodular adjacent to the duodenum via the Wirsung duct
• Langerhans islets secrete insulin/glucagon controlling metabolism

Insulin

• Aids the movement of glucose across cell layers and its use within cells
• It improves the synthesis of glycogen in the organs and changes glucose into fat deposits
• It helps to maintain homeostasis

Glucagon

• Promotes glucose formation throughout the destruction of glycogen
• This process is called Glicogenolise
• This involves the creation by protein synthesis

Liver Importance

• Features multiple roles including bile formation, hepatocyte production
• Hepatocytes enable metabolic transformations/storage
• Liver cells detoxify and change blood

Ruminant Microbiome

• The rumen microbiome results in the digestive wellness of livestock
• The ruminant symbiotic relation is successful in process evolution

Rumen Microorganisms

• Enable a beneficial cycle animal to environment
• Some bacteria digest fibers from plants during cellulose production

Mamallian Fibers

• Mammals lack fiber-digesting enzymes, depending on bacterial fermentation in ruminants
• Cellulose and hemicellulose in plants power herbivores and ruminal microbes which then synthesize non-protein entities
• In ruminants food becomes fermented by rumen bacteria prior to abomasum

Fermentation Rates

• The rate of sugars and soluble proteins is rapid
• Almost all starch ferments very fast
• The molecules ferment gradually proteins in the cell layers
• Fractions and fragments that were only lightly fermented through the molecules

Microbiology Categories

• Morfofisiologia, Fermentacao, and Microbiologia all impact Ruminantes
• Veridia is also impacted

Rumen Environments

• Consistently optimal anaerobic settings, a warm setting, or a neutral pH
• The continual addition of a substance and production enable bacteria that can metabolize

Rumen Participants

• Features diverse active microbes: bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
• Species is assessed upon their development capacity, capacity to be anaerobic, and rumen origin

Bacteria Traits

• Sits at a small size, has high density, good varioity, and comprise of 50% microbial biomass

Microbe Types

• Breakdown-type such as bacteria, cellulose, and cellulose-related

Protozoa Functions

• Sits at a small size
• Entodinium, Diplodinium, Epidinium
• Contributes moderately to rumen biomass
• They support cellulose activity; glucose aids for energy

Fungi Qualities

• Can only digest animals in a diet full of fibers
• Biomass is eight %
• Frontalis can have multiple strains
• They target plant tissue

Microorganism Establishment

• Dependent on age, rumen growth, diet
• Bacteria settle quickly among rumen populations, spreading between animals of the same species, and by diet
• Protozoa: saliva is the carrier, faunation by other animals of same species
• Fungi follow those traits with air exposure, and from consumed nutrients

Microorganism Requirements

• Common needs exist among multiple species of each diet
• Various species have a tendency
• Protozoa: need proper nutritional conditions
• Fungo: Growth is dependent on the environment
• Zootporous activity helps to reduce infection

Microbiata Distribution

• Microbiota populates by the following:
• Colonize newly eaten/exposed surfaces, giving it metabolism
• Zoospores, the sporangium
• The liquid has a solid digesting ability and the rate of liquids passing varies
• High adhesion happens at high digestion

Microbiota Quality

• Achieved from symbioses, can support certain organisms or harm some species

Predation Attributes

• Has distinctive protozoa features to enhance them

General Interactions

• Fungi is mutualism that is required for certain vitamins - this effects digestion

Diet

• Requires to be balanced with high proteins to enable benefits for livestock growth
• High roughage is needed to decrease fiber in rumen
• Requires high layers of cellulose while supporting high activity animals
• High-energy forage is great that works by minimizing lignins

Feedstock

• Secondary elements must remain at low risk

Common Feeds

• Features of 9% PB, small EE, 2.25FB, 2340 kcal/kg EM, along with 72% NDT
• PB 20%, EE 4.5%, FDN 63%, and NDT 65%

Rice Bran qualities

• Features 14.4 percent BP, has less EE, with a low FDN, while holding good NDT
• Has 16.8% BP, has a medium EE, with a moderate FDN, while holding nearly medium NDT
• Qualities entail the bottom percent

Soybean qualities

• Includes 14% BP, a good amount of EE, a good range for FDN and high for NDT which ensures a balance supply of nutritional substances

Citric pulp details

• PB: 7%
• EE: is 3%
• FDN: is 24,2%
• has 54% digestion ability
• High carbohydrate/texture ensures digestive activity

Molasses Overview

• It's extremely versatile that are required to aid health factors

Explore the basics of the digestive system in various domestic animals. Learn about the digestive tract's structure, its function in breaking down food, and the absorption process. Discover how animals are classified by diet and the essential roles their digestive systems play in nutrient provision and waste excretion.