DNA Technology Overview and Cloning Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of genome engineering in animals?

  • To enhance the growth rate of livestock
  • To improve the taste of animal products
  • To secrete useful molecules in products like goat milk (correct)
  • To create animal hybrids

    • Which of the following is an example of a transgenic crop application?

  • Increasing the size of fruit through traditional breeding
  • Developing crops resistant to pests and herbicides (correct)
  • Cross-pollinating plants to create hybrids
  • Enhancing seed germination through fertilizers

    • What is totipotency in the context of plant cloning?

  • The ability to replicate DNA in a petri dish
  • The capability to produce genetically identical offspring
  • The ability to form all cell types from a single mature cell (correct)
  • The ability to differentiate into only reproductive cells

    • What is a significant challenge of totipotency in animal cells compared to plant cells?

    <p>Achieving totipotency is more difficult in animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique was used to create Dolly the sheep?

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about organismal cloning is true?

    <p>It requires totipotent cells to be successful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known problem associated with nuclear transplantation in cloning?

    <p>Low efficiency and high failure rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a use of insulin in relation to recombinant protein applications?

    <p>To treat diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates plant organismal cloning from animal organismal cloning?

    <p>Animal cells require nuclear transplantation for cloning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application for tissue plasminogen activator?

    <p>To treat heart attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA ligase in the process of creating recombinant DNA?

    <p>To form bonds and make a continuous DNA helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT involved in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) cycle?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the transformation step of cloning, what aids in the selection of successful bacterial cells?

    <p>Plasmid containing an antibiotic resistance gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of primers in PCR?

    <p>To define the ends of the target DNA to amplify</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the extension step of the PCR cycle?

    <p>DNA polymerase extends from the primers to make copies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can DNA technology be used in forensics?

    <p>By analyzing polymorphisms like Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cloning a gene into a plasmid?

    <p>To enhance gene expression in prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome can result from successful bacterial transformation?

    <p>Descendant bacteria will carry recombinant DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an outcome of using PCR in diagnostics?

    <p>It can amplify tiny amounts of DNA from complex mixtures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major implication of the DNA forensic case involving Earl Washington?

    <p>It highlighted the importance of DNA analysis in exonerating wrongfully convicted individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA technology primarily involve?

    <p>Manipulation of genes and organisms for practical purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a traditional method of DNA technology?

    <p>Genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DNA cloning?

    <p>To prepare multiple identical copies of a gene or DNA segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recombinant DNA?

    <p>DNA assembled in an order not found in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the process of cutting DNA in recombinant DNA engineering?

    <p>Restriction enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plasmids play in DNA technology?

    <p>They are small circles of DNA that can be retained by bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for the universality of molecular genetics?

    <p>Genes can be manipulated and moved around among different organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the mixing of DNA fragments in the cloning process?

    <p>Compatible sticky ends allow for DNA fragments to join</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about therapeutic cloning is accurate?

    <p>It is aimed at generating cells for medical treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the steps in cloning typically initiated?

    <p>By cutting DNA with a restriction enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Technology Overview

    • DNA technology manipulates genes and organisms for practical purposes.
    • Traditional techniques include breeding plants and animals, and using microorganisms to make products like bread, wine, and cheese.
    • Modern biotechnology involves genetic engineering and therapeutic cloning.

    DNA Cloning

    • DNA cloning produces identical copies of a gene or DNA segment.
    • Genetic engineering involves moving genes between organisms.
    • The universality of molecular genetics allows genes to be moved and manipulated.
    • DNA cloning has diverse biotechnological applications.

    Recombinant DNA Engineering

    • Recombinant DNA is DNA assembled in an order not found in nature.
    • Plasmids are small circles of DNA retained by bacterial cells.
    • Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific DNA sequences.
    • DNA ligase seals DNA strands.

    Simple Cut-Paste Steps for Cloning

    • Restriction enzymes cut DNA.
    • DNA fragments are mixed with compatible sticky ends.
    • DNA ligase forms bonds to create a continuous DNA helix.

    Isolating a Unique Clone

    • Induce bacteria to take up the plasmid.
    • Selection involves using antibiotic resistance genes to identify transformed bacteria.
    • All descendent bacteria now carry recombinant DNA in the plasmid.

    PCR for DNA Copies

    • PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplifies DNA copies.
    • It doubles each cycle, making huge numbers of copies.
    • PCR is useful for cloning and diagnostics.
    • Primers define the target DNA region to amplify.

    PCR Cycle Steps

    • Denaturation: Separates DNA strands by heating.
    • Annealing: Allows primers to bind to single strands.
    • Extension: DNA polymerase extends primers, doubling the region between primers in each cycle.

    Applications of DNA Technology

    • Forensic applications: Unique differences (polymorphisms) in Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are used for DNA forensics. For example, Earl Washington's conviction.
    • Biopharmaceutical applications: Techniques amplify genes for useful proteins, clone those genes into plasmids, and express/purify proteins. Insulin treatment of diabetes, antibodies for cancer treatment, growth hormones for dwarfism, and tissue plasminogen activator for heart attack treatment are examples.
    • Agricultural applications (Pharm animals and Transgenic crops): Animals can be modified to produce desirable proteins (e.g., anti-coagulants). Plants can be modified for pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved nutrition.
    • Regenerative medicine: Therapeutic cloning replenishes diseased tissues using healthy stem cells to enable regenerative medicine.

    Plant Organismal Cloning

    • Entire plants can be cloned from single cells.
    • Mature plant cells can become totipotent, which allows them to grow all types of plant cells.
    • Totipotency is the ability of a cell to differentiate into any cell type.

    Animal Organismal Cloning

    • Totipotency is more difficult to achieve in animal cells.
    • Organismal cloning creates whole organisms genetically identical to a single cell.
    • This involves nuclear transplantation (e.g., Dolly the sheep).

    Dolly the Sheep (1997)

    • Organismal cloning by nuclear transplantation.
    • Low efficiency (<1%).
    • Dolly had health problems and is not a routine technique.
    • Cloning of other animals is possible but problematic.

    Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells

    • Therapeutic cloning replicates diseased tissues using healthy stem cells.
    • Stem cells reproduce indefinitely and can differentiate into specialized cells.
    • Pluripotency is the ability of a cell to become many cell types but not all cell types.

    Sources of Human Stem Cells

    • Embryonic stem cells: Easy to culture, can differentiate into many cell types but raise ethical issues relating to using early-stage human embryos.
    • Adult stem cells: Very low abundance, can only differentiate into a limited number of cell types.

    Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS cells)

    • Adult cells can be reprogrammed to be pluripotent (iPS cells) using supplemental genes.
    • These iPS cells have high potency and raise no ethical dilemma.
    • They offer the potential for individualised medicine using a person's own cells.

    Learning Outcomes for Lecture

    • Understand the basis of gene cloning.
    • Apply gene technology to gene expression and function.
    • List real-world uses of DNA technology.
    • Understand the general concept and steps of therapeutic and organismal cloning.
    • Recognize different stem cell sources.

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    DNA Technology Lecture Notes (BO101 2024)

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of DNA technology, from traditional breeding techniques to modern genetic engineering. This quiz covers essential concepts such as DNA cloning, recombinant DNA engineering, and the methods used in cloning processes. Perfect for those interested in biotechnology and genetics!

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