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Questions and Answers
What fundamental process allows the recombination of DNA segments?
What fundamental process allows the recombination of DNA segments?
- Gene expression
- Protein synthesis
- Chromosomal replication
- DNA splicing (correct)
Which of the following is considered a traditional form of biotechnology?
Which of the following is considered a traditional form of biotechnology?
- In vitro fertilization (correct)
- Using enzymes for protein manufacturing (correct)
- Generating DNA vaccines
- Creating genetically modified organisms
Who developed a method for removing and reinsert plasmids into cells?
Who developed a method for removing and reinsert plasmids into cells?
- Paul Berg
- Gregory Mendel
- Charles Darwin
- Stanley Cohen (correct)
What is the essential goal of biotechnology as defined by the European Federation of Biotechnology?
What is the essential goal of biotechnology as defined by the European Federation of Biotechnology?
Which process does NOT typically fall under modern molecular biotechnology?
Which process does NOT typically fall under modern molecular biotechnology?
What role do bacterial cells play in the context of biotechnology as described?
What role do bacterial cells play in the context of biotechnology as described?
Which of the following processes is categorized as part of biotechnology?
Which of the following processes is categorized as part of biotechnology?
What is a key characteristic distinguishing modern biotechnology from traditional methods?
What is a key characteristic distinguishing modern biotechnology from traditional methods?
What is the first step in genetically modifying an organism?
What is the first step in genetically modifying an organism?
What are the two main types of nucleases mentioned?
What are the two main types of nucleases mentioned?
How is the naming convention for restriction enzymes determined?
How is the naming convention for restriction enzymes determined?
What function does a restriction endonuclease perform?
What function does a restriction endonuclease perform?
Which restriction enzyme was the first to be isolated and characterized?
Which restriction enzyme was the first to be isolated and characterized?
How many restriction enzymes are currently known to exist?
How many restriction enzymes are currently known to exist?
Which statement about exonucleases is true?
Which statement about exonucleases is true?
Which action is NOT part of the three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism?
Which action is NOT part of the three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism?
What is the role of the origin of replication in a chromosome?
What is the role of the origin of replication in a chromosome?
What was the significant achievement of Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972?
What was the significant achievement of Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972?
What function do restriction enzymes serve in recombinant DNA technology?
What function do restriction enzymes serve in recombinant DNA technology?
What is the purpose of the enzyme DNA ligase in the context of recombinant DNA?
What is the purpose of the enzyme DNA ligase in the context of recombinant DNA?
What does cloning refer to in the context of DNA manipulation?
What does cloning refer to in the context of DNA manipulation?
How does a plasmid function as a vector in genetic engineering?
How does a plasmid function as a vector in genetic engineering?
Which organism was mentioned as a host for cloning the antibiotic resistance gene?
Which organism was mentioned as a host for cloning the antibiotic resistance gene?
What characteristic of recombinant DNA allows it to replicate in a host organism?
What characteristic of recombinant DNA allows it to replicate in a host organism?
What is the main purpose of adding ligase during the recombinant DNA preparation process?
What is the main purpose of adding ligase during the recombinant DNA preparation process?
Which step in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) involves separating the DNA strands?
Which step in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) involves separating the DNA strands?
What characteristic of thermostable DNA polymerase is essential for PCR?
What characteristic of thermostable DNA polymerase is essential for PCR?
What role does ampicillin play in the selection of transformed E. coli cells?
What role does ampicillin play in the selection of transformed E. coli cells?
During PCR, what are the short chemically synthesized oligonucleotides used in the process called?
During PCR, what are the short chemically synthesized oligonucleotides used in the process called?
What happens to untransformed E. coli cells when grown on agar plates containing ampicillin?
What happens to untransformed E. coli cells when grown on agar plates containing ampicillin?
Which of the following describes the outcome of repeated amplification in PCR?
Which of the following describes the outcome of repeated amplification in PCR?
What is a selectable marker in the context of recombinant DNA technology?
What is a selectable marker in the context of recombinant DNA technology?
What is the purpose of inserting alien DNA into a cloning vector?
What is the purpose of inserting alien DNA into a cloning vector?
What is referred to as a recombinant protein?
What is referred to as a recombinant protein?
Why is large-scale production of proteins important?
Why is large-scale production of proteins important?
What is a bioreactor primarily used for?
What is a bioreactor primarily used for?
What is one method mentioned for maintaining cells in a physiologically active state?
What is one method mentioned for maintaining cells in a physiologically active state?
What kind of conditions does a bioreactor provide for the optimal product yield?
What kind of conditions does a bioreactor provide for the optimal product yield?
Why might small volume cultures be inadequate for protein production?
Why might small volume cultures be inadequate for protein production?
What are bioreactors primarily made for?
What are bioreactors primarily made for?
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Study Notes
Biotechnology
- The use of living organisms or their parts to produce products or processes for human benefit.
- Modern biotechnology relies on genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
- European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) defines biotechnology as "the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services".
Recombinant DNA Technology Tools
- Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific sequences (recognition sequences).
- There are over 900 known restriction enzymes.
- DNA ligase joins DNA fragments.
- Vectors carry alien DNA into a host cell.
- Host organism provides the environment for replication.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify DNA fragments.
- PCR uses primers, DNA polymerase, and thermostable DNA polymerase.
Recombinant DNA Technology Processes
- Identifying DNA with desirable genes.
- Introducing identified DNA into a host.
- Maintaining introduced DNA in the host and transferring it to progeny.
- Bioreactors are used for large-scale production of products like proteins.
- Bioreactors provide optimal conditions for cell growth and product formation.
- The first recombinant DNA was constructed by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972.
- They linked a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a plasmid from Salmonella typhimurium.
- "Clone" means to make multiple copies of a specific DNA segment.
- Selectable markers allow for identifying cells that have taken up the recombinant DNA.
- Recombinant proteins are proteins produced by a heterologous host.
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