DNA Technology and Genomics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What role does human erythropoietin (EPO) play in the body?

  • Stimulates the production of red blood cells. (correct)
  • Stimulates blood clotting.
  • Promotes insulin release.
  • Increases heart rate.

Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic hormone produced by DNA technology?

  • Human erythropoietin
  • Factor VIII (correct)
  • Human growth hormone
  • Insulin

What are the benefits of genetically modified (GM) organisms?

  • Resistance to herbicides and pests. (correct)
  • Higher levels of pesticides.
  • Reduced nutrient content.
  • Longer shelf life of products.

Which organism is commonly used as a vector for introducing new genes into plant cells?

<p>Agrobacterium tumefaciens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern regarding genetically modified organisms?

<p>Potential introduction of allergens into the food supply. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recombinant animals must be cloned to produce more animals with what?

<p>The same traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology is used for producing vaccines and harmless variants of pathogens?

<p>Recombinant DNA technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms contain one or more genes introduced by artificial means?

<p>Genetically modified organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of restriction enzymes in cloning?

<p>To cut DNA at specific sequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vector is commonly used for cloning genes?

<p>Plasmids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sticky ends in the context of DNA cloning?

<p>Single-stranded ends that facilitate the joining of DNA fragments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of using DNA ligase in the cloning process?

<p>It joins DNA fragments together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genomic library?

<p>A collection of cloned DNA fragments from a target genome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the step of isolating plasmid DNA?

<p>Plasmid DNA is separated from the bacterial genomic DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of DNA profiling?

<p>To compare genetic markers to determine if they are from the same individual (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of genomic library incorporates genomic DNA into bacteriophage DNA?

<p>Bacteriophage library (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of treating plasmid DNA with a restriction enzyme?

<p>To cut the plasmid, allowing for the insertion of the target gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method?

<p>It employs a three-step cycle to double the DNA amount (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During gel electrophoresis, how do DNA fragments behave in the gel?

<p>Shorter fragments move more quickly through the gel matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do primers play in the PCR process?

<p>They provide a starting point for DNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of PCR?

<p>Ability to analyze all genetic markers in a sample (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an electric current is applied during gel electrophoresis?

<p>DNA molecules move toward the positive electrode from a negative start (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to analyze noncoding regions when conducting DNA profiling?

<p>They often show variation that helps distinguish individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when inserting a gene into a plasmid in genetic engineering?

<p>To produce a desired trait or protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do plasmids play in gene cloning?

<p>They serve as carriers for transporting DNA into cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do restriction enzymes contribute to DNA technology?

<p>They cut DNA at specific sequences to allow for gene insertion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between cDNA libraries and genomic libraries?

<p>cDNA libraries are made from RNA templates, while genomic libraries are made from DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one application of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture?

<p>Enhancing the nutritional value of crops. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the DNA profiling process?

<p>DNA profiling includes amplification of DNA and separation of fragments by gel electrophoresis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has DNA technology contributed to the production of insulin?

<p>By inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria for mass production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the risks associated with genetically modified organisms?

<p>Potential ecological impacts from unintentional gene transfer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using BACs in genomic libraries?

<p>They can accommodate large fragments of DNA for cloning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

<p>To amplify specific DNA sequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA ligase in molecular biology?

<p>To join DNA fragments together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to an organism that contains genes from a different species?

<p>Transgenic organism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term genomics specifically refer to?

<p>The study of whole sets of genes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to separate and purify DNA fragments?

<p>Gel electrophoresis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of primers in the polymerase chain reaction?

<p>To initiate the synthesis of new DNA strands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term specifically describes repetitive DNA at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes?

<p>Telomeres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a function of a nucleic acid probe in molecular biology?

<p>To hybridize with complementary DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in nature?

<p>To protect bacterial cells against foreign DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a genomic library analogous to editing a sentence?

<p>Both require adding spaces between specific letters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a cDNA library indicate about a cell's genome?

<p>It indicates which portions of the genome are active at a given time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way is a nucleic acid probe's functionality distinctive compared to Internet search methods?

<p>It relies solely on matching the exact sequence without variations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects a common misconception about genetic engineering?

<p>All genetically modified organisms are harmful to health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process of studying a cDNA library?

<p>It focuses on proteins that are synthesized by RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the public perception of genetic engineering be characterized?

<p>It is influenced by varying degrees of unease and misinformation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might someone use a phrase search when looking for song lyrics online?

<p>Because song titles are often not reliable keywords (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gene cloning

Using techniques to make many copies of a specific gene.

Recombinant plasmids

Plasmids that have been altered to include a new gene.

Restriction enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

Genomic libraries

Collections of cloned DNA fragments representing an organism's entire genome.

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cDNA library

Collection of DNA copies made from mRNA molecules.

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Nucleic acid probe

A labeled piece of DNA or RNA that can be used to identify a specific DNA sequence.

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Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Organisms that have had their genetic material altered.

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DNA profiling

A technique used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA sequences.

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Recombinant DNA

DNA formed by combining two different DNA sources; one is the gene to be cloned and the other is a carrier (vector).

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Sticky ends

Single-stranded ends of DNA fragments, created by some restriction enzymes, that can bond with complementary ends.

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DNA ligase

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together.

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Plasmid

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, often used as a vector in gene cloning.

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Vector

A carrier for introducing a gene into a host organism or cell during genetic engineering, like a plasmid or a bacteriophage.

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Human Erythropoietin (EPO)

A protein that stimulates the production of red blood cells.

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What does DNA profiling compare?

DNA profiling compares genetic markers from noncoding regions that show variation between individuals.

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Recombinant animals

Animals that have had genes from another species introduced into their genetic makeup.

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How does DNA profiling work?

DNA profiling involves amplifying (copying) DNA markers for analysis, usually using PCR.

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Genetically Modified (GM) organisms

Organisms that have had one or more genes introduced artificially.

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PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction; a method to amplify a specific segment of DNA, using short, chemically synthesized DNA primers.

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Transgenic organisms

Organisms that contain at least one gene from a different species.

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What do PCR primers do?

PCR primers are short, chemically synthesized, single-stranded DNA molecules that are complementary to sequences at each end of the target DNA sequence.

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How does PCR amplify DNA?

PCR uses a three-step cycle that doubles the amount of DNA in each turn of the cycle.

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Insulin

A hormone used to treat diabetes.

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Gel Electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size, by running them through a gel matrix in an electric field.

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Therapeutic hormones produced by DNA technology

Hormones, such as insulin and human growth hormone, produced through DNA technology.

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GM plants

Genetically modified plants usually engineered to be more resistant to herbicides and pests and to provide beneficial nutrients.

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How are DNA fragments visualized in gel electrophoresis?

DNA fragments appear as bands in the gel, visualized through staining or by detecting radioactivity or fluorescence.

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Gene cloning analogy

Think of it like removing a boxcar from one train and adding it to a different train. This involves isolating and copying a specific gene.

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Restriction enzymes: What do they do?

These enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, acting like molecular scissors. They protect bacteria from foreign DNA.

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Genomic library: What's the analogy?

Imagine a sentence broken down into all its individual words. A genomic library contains fragments of an organism's entire genome.

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cDNA library: What does it tell us?

It's a collection of DNA copies made from mRNA, giving insight into which genes are active in a cell at a specific time.

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Nucleic acid probe analogy

Like searching for a specific song online using unique lyrics, this probe uses a complementary sequence to find a specific DNA sequence in a sample.

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GMO Concerns: What are they?

The creation of genetically modified organisms can be controversial, with concerns about their safety and potential impact on the environment.

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Genetic Engineering Misinformation: What's the problem?

Debates about genetic engineering are sometimes clouded by misinformation, leading to misunderstandings and resistance.

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Biotechnology

The application of biological principles to create products or processes that benefit society. This includes genetic engineering, gene therapy, and the development of new drugs and vaccines.

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Genetic Engineering

Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as introducing new genes to improve crops or treat diseases.

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Clone

A genetically identical copy of an organism or cell.

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Gene Therapy

Using genes to treat or prevent diseases by replacing, modifying, or inactivating faulty genes.

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Study Notes

DNA Technology and Genomics

  • DNA technology is important for forensics, producing medical/industrial products, investigating evolutionary relationships, and biological research.
  • Biotechnology involves manipulating organisms to make useful products. DNA technology uses modern techniques to manipulate genetic material.
  • Gene cloning produces identical copies of a gene. Recombinant DNA is formed by joining nucleotide sequences from different sources.
  • Plasmids, phages, and BACs are used to construct genomic libraries. A cDNA library is different from a genomic library.
  • Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky ends for joining with other fragments.
  • DNA ligase joins DNA fragments together.
  • Nucleic acid probes identify specific genes in libraries.
  • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are used to mass-produce proteins.
  • Bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells are used for mass production of proteins.
  • GMOs transform agriculture by creating crops resistant to herbicides and pests.
  • Benefits include increased nutrition and disease resistance in plants. Risks need safeguarding against pathogens.
  • DNA profiling analyzes genetic markers to determine if DNA comes from the same individual.
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) rapidly amplifies DNA sequences.
  • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA and proteins by size and charge.

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DNA Technology and Genomics - Chapter 12 Instructor Guide PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on DNA technology and genomics with this quiz. Explore concepts such as gene cloning, recombinant DNA, and the use of GMOs in biotechnology. Understand the significance of techniques like restriction enzymes and genomic libraries.

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