DNA Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

Which molecule makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?

  • Deoxyribose
  • Phosphate group (correct)
  • Ribose
  • Nitrogenous base

    • How many deoxyribonucleotides make up DNA?

  • 2
  • 4 (correct)
  • 5
  • 3

    • What are the major and minor grooves of DNA?

  • Structural features that play a role in DNA replication
  • Structural features formed by the arrangement of nitrogenous bases
  • Structural features that allow DNA binding proteins to attach (correct)
  • Structural features formed by the arrangement of sugar and phosphate backbones

    • Which enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step that must occur in DNA replication?

    <p>Unwinding the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA stand for?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many base pairs are in a full turn or twist of a DNA molecule?

    <p>10.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme relieves the buildup of torque while unwinding the DNA double helix?

    <p>Gyrase/Topoisomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme replaces RNA primers with DNA during DNA replication?

    <p>DNA polymerase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of modification involves the addition of a phosphate group to a protein?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid residues are involved in modification?

    <p>Lysine, Serine, and Arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'histone code' hypothesis?

    <p>A hypothesis about the role of histones in chromatin structure and gene expression regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is epigenetic inheritance?

    <p>Inheritance of changes in chromatin structure and gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do prokaryotes have histones?

    <p>No, prokaryotes do not have histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of histones are there in eukaryotes?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomerase?

    <p>It elongates telomere sequences in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are LINES and SINES?

    <p>Transposable elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant repetitive element in the human genome?

    <p>Alu elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a chromatin remodeling complex?

    <p>It alters the position of nucleosomes along DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to separate the two strands of DNA during replication?

    <p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

    <p>Adding nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many DNA polymerases are found in E. coli?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of topoisomerases?

    <p>Relieving tension in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a single strand DNA-binding protein in DNA replication?

    <p>Preventing base pairs from re-forming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of Okazaki fragments in prokaryotes?

    <p>100-200 nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction is DNA synthesis always synthesized?

    <p>5'à3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Producing an RNA primer for DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proofreading function of DNA polymerase?

    <p>Checking each nucleotide during DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences and similarities of DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

    <p>They have different directions of DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase III in DNA replication?

    <p>Synthesizes new DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA polymerase I in DNA replication?

    <p>Replaces RNA primers with DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme relieves the buildup of torque while unwinding the DNA double helix?

    <p>Gyrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major and minor grooves of DNA?

    <p>Depressions formed by the sugar-phosphate backbones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step that must occur in DNA replication?

    <p>Unwinding of the DNA double helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?

    <p>Deoxyribose and phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many base pairs are in a full turn or twist of a DNA molecule?

    <p>10.5 base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does DNA stand for?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following modifications involves the addition of a phosphate group to a protein?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acid residues are involved in modification?

    <p>Lysine, Serine, Arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are histone modifications spread on a chromosome?

    <p>In a specific pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histone code hypothesis?

    <p>A hypothesis about the role of histones in gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is epigenetic inheritance?

    <p>Inheritance of phenotypic changes in a cell or organism that do not result from changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do prokaryotes have histones?

    <p>Yes, all prokaryotes have histones except for some members of the domain Archaebacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of histones are there in eukaryotes?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is telomerase?

    <p>An enzyme that elongates telomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are LINES and SINES?

    <p>Repetitive elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a chromatin remodeling complex?

    <p>To alter the position of nucleosomes along DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to separate the two strands of nucleotides on DNA?

    <p>DNA helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major enzyme involved in chromosome replication in E. coli?

    <p>DNA polymerase III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of topoisomerases?

    <p>To relieve tension built up by the unwinding of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a single strand DNA-binding protein in DNA replication?

    <p>To prevent base pairs from re-forming before the lagging strand can be replicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Okazaki fragments?

    <p>Short length of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of Okazaki fragments in prokaryotes?

    <p>100-200 nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of DNA synthesis?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Primase in DNA replication?

    <p>To produce an RNA fragment that serves as a primer for DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proofreading function of DNA polymerase?

    <p>To check each nucleotide during DNA synthesis and excise mismatched nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences and similarities of DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

    <p>Eukaryotes have multiple origins of replication, while prokaryotes have a single origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Structure

    • DNA molecule sides are made up of deoxyribonucleotides
    • A full turn or twist of a DNA molecule contains 10 base pairs
    • The major and minor grooves of DNA are formed due to the double helix structure

    DNA Replication

    • The first step that must occur in DNA replication is unwinding of the DNA double helix
    • Helicase is the enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication
    • The energy of ATP hydrolysis is used by helicase to separate the two strands of DNA
    • Topoisomerase is the enzyme that relieves the buildup of torque while unwinding the DNA double helix
    • Primase is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers in DNA replication
    • DNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the template strand
    • The function of DNA polymerase III in DNA replication is to synthesize the leading strand continuously
    • The function of DNA polymerase I in DNA replication is to repair and fill in gaps
    • The proofreading function of DNA polymerase is to correct errors during DNA synthesis

    DNA Components

    • DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid
    • The building blocks of DNA are deoxyribonucleotides
    • Deoxyribonucleotides are made up of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases - A, C, G, and T

    Epigenetic Inheritance

    • The 'histone code' hypothesis proposes that histone modifications are a key component of epigenetic inheritance
    • Epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of genetic information through mechanisms other than the DNA sequence
    • Histone modifications involve the addition of a phosphate group to a protein
    • Serine and threonine residues are involved in histone modifications
    • Histone modifications are spread on a chromosome through the recruitment of chromatin-modifying enzymes
    • Prokaryotes do not have histones, but eukaryotes have five main types of histones - H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

    Other Concepts

    • Telomerase is the enzyme that adds repetitive sequences to the ends of chromosomes
    • LINES and SINES are types of repetitive elements found in the human genome
    • Chromatin remodeling complexes are enzymes that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to reorganize chromatin structure
    • Single-strand DNA-binding proteins are involved in protecting single-stranded DNA during replication
    • Okazaki fragments are short, discontinuous strands of DNA synthesized in the lagging strand during replication
    • The average length of Okazaki fragments in prokaryotes is 1000-2000 nucleotides
    • DNA synthesis always occurs in the 5' to 3' direction

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of DNA with this study guide quiz! Learn about the structure and composition of DNA, including the building blocks and their functions. Challenge yourself with questions on key concepts like the meaning of DNA and the components that make it up. Perfect for biology students and DNA enthusiasts!

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