DNA Structure and Replication
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Questions and Answers

Match the components of the DNA and RNA monomer:

Sugar = Deoxyribose or ribose Nitrogenous base = Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine Phosphate group = Links nucleotides together Nucleotide = Monomer of DNA and RNA

Match the scientist with their contribution to DNA structure discovery:

Erwin Chargaff = Discovered base pairing rules Rosalind Franklin = Utilized x-ray diffraction Watson and Crick = Proposed the double helix model Avery = Concluded DNA causes transformation

Match the base pairing rules according to Chargaff:

Adenine pairs with = Thymine Cytosine pairs with = Guanine Thymine pairs with = Adenine Guanine pairs with = Cytosine

Match the nitrogenous bases based on their size:

<p>Adenine = Longer base Guanine = Longer base Thymine = Shorter base Cytosine = Shorter base</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the functions of enzymes involved in DNA replication:

<p>Helicase = Unwinds the DNA double helix DNA polymerase = Synthesizes new DNA strands Telomerase = Extends telomeres DNA ligase = Joins Okazaki fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the description with the DNA replication characteristics:

<p>Occurs in = Nucleus of the cell Happens during = S phase of the cell cycle Strands produced = Identical to parent strands Enzyme needed = DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the percent composition of nitrogenous bases given specific conditions:

<p>35% Adenine = 35% Thymine, 20% Cytosine, 20% Guanine 21.5% Guanine = 2.15% Cytosine, 23.5% Thymine, 23.5% Adenine 50% Thymine = 50% Adenine, 0% Cytosine, 0% Guanine 25% Cytosine = 25% Guanine, 25% Adenine, 25% Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of bond with its role in the DNA structure:

<p>Covalent bonds = Form sugar-phosphate backbone Hydrogen bonds = Hold nitrogenous bases together Ionic bonds = Not present in DNA structure Peptide bonds = Not involved in nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of RNA with their specific functions:

<p>mRNA = Carries coding sequences for protein synthesis rRNA = Forms the core of ribosomes tRNA = Carries amino acids to ribosomes snRNA = Involved in splicing of RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of a nucleotide with their characteristics:

<p>Nitrogenous base = Contains information for codons Sugar = Can be ribose or deoxyribose Phosphate group = Links nucleotides together Hydrogen bonds = Allow DNA strands to separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of DNA packaging with their descriptions:

<p>Nucleosome = DNA wrapped around histones Chromatin = Uncondensed form of DNA Chromosome = Tightly packed DNA Histone = Positively charged protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the steps of transcription with their order:

<p>RNA polymerase binds to DNA = First step of transcription DNA strands separate = Second step of transcription Nucleotides are assembled = Third step of transcription RNA strand is released = Final step of transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Exons = Coding segments of DNA Introns = Non-coding segments of DNA Gene expression = Turning DNA information into function Homeotic genes = Determine body part placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of protein synthesis with their processes:

<p>Transcription = DNA to RNA Translation = RNA to protein Replication = DNA to DNA Modification = Post-translation alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the statements to DNA and RNA:

<p>Double helix = DNA Single stranded = RNA Contains uracil = RNA Contains thymine = DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their relevance in eukaryotic cells:

<p>Nucleus = Contains chromosomal DNA Histones = Package DNA into nucleosomes Eukaryotic DNA = Multiple chromosomes Prokaryotic DNA = Single circular chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of translation with their descriptions:

<p>Initiation = Assembly of ribosome at start codon Elongation = Amino acids added to growing polypeptide chain Termination = Ribosome reaches stop codon Recycling = tRNA is reused in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following codons with their corresponding amino acids:

<p>UAC = Tyrosine ACG = Threonine CGU = Arginine UAG = None</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mutations with their effects:

<p>Silent mutation = No effect on protein Missense mutation = Changes one amino acid Nonsense mutation = Creates a stop codon early Frameshift mutation = Alters reading frame of codons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

<p>Prokaryotes = Single circular chromosome Eukaryotes = Multiple linear chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

<p>Gene regulation = Control of gene expression Cell differentiation = Specialization of cell types Protein synthesis = Formation of proteins from genes Transcriptional control = Regulating mRNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA monomer

The building block of DNA and RNA, it's called a nucleotide.

Nucleotide components

A sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group make up a nucleotide.

Base Pairing Rule

Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C).

DNA replication location

DNA replication takes place in the cell's nucleus during the S phase before cell division (mitosis).

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DNA replication enzymes

Helicase, DNA polymerase, telomerase, and ligase are crucial for DNA replication.

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Replication result

The two DNA strands resulting from replication are identical to the original strands.

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Purines

Adenine and Guanine are larger, double-ring nitrogenous bases.

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Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine are smaller, single-ring nitrogenous bases.

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DNA structure

DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. The strands twist into a double helix. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, or Cytosine).

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DNA replication purpose

The process of making an identical copy of a DNA molecule, ensuring genetic information is passed on to new cells during cell division.

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Nucleosome structure

A fundamental unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes. It consists of a core of eight histone proteins with DNA wrapped around it 1.65 times.

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Chromosome packaging

In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes, which are long, linear strands of DNA tightly packed with histone proteins.

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Prokaryotic DNA

Prokaryotes have a single circular DNA molecule located in the cytoplasm (not in a nucleus) and usually smaller than eukaryotic DNA.

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Eukaryotic DNA

Eukaryotic DNA is organized into linear chromosomes, located within the nucleus, and typically much larger and more complex than prokaryotic DNA.

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RNA vs. DNA

DNA is a double-stranded molecule with deoxyribose sugar and thymine (T), while RNA is a single-stranded molecule with ribose sugar and uracil (U) instead of thymine.

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mRNA function

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic code (information) from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis.

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rRNA function

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms the core of ribosomes, the structures responsible for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

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tRNA function

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis, matching the amino acid to the mRNA codon.

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Transcription location

Transcription occurs in the nucleus of a cell, where DNA is located.

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Translation location

Translation takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell, at the ribosomes.

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Codon definition

A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during translation.

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Study Notes

DNA Structure and Replication

  • DNA monomer: Nucleotide (sugar, base, phosphate)
  • Avery's experiment: DNA caused transformation
  • DNA structure discovery:
    • Chargaff's rule: A=T, G=C
    • X-ray diffraction (Franklin): X-shaped pattern, double helix
    • Watson and Crick: Double helix model
  • Base pairing rules: A with T, G with C
  • Longer bases: Adenine and Guanine
  • Shorter bases: Thymine and Cytosine
  • Complementary strand for CGTTAGCAT: GCAATCGTA
  • If 35% Adenine: 35% Thymine, 20% Cytosine, 20% Guanine
  • If 21.5% Guanine: 21.5% Cytosine, 28.5% Thymine, 28.5% Adenine
  • DNA replication: Nucleus, S phase of cell cycle, enzymes (helicase, polymerase, ligase, telomerase)
  • Replication strands: Identical to original
  • DNA structure bonds: Hydrogen bonds (bases), covalent bonds (sugar-phosphate)
  • DNA structure and replication: Hydrogen bonds allow for base pairing, allowing the double helix to separate. The perfect fit of the bases form a strong bond that can hold them together while also separating for replication purposes. The projection of the bases from the backbone allows for the perfect fit of the bases.
  • DNA, histones, chromosomes, nucleosomes: DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes, which compact into chromosomes.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic DNA

  • Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic DNA: Eukaryotic DNA is more complex, larger, and packaged into chromosomes, while prokaryotic DNA is simpler, smaller, and present as a singular molecule.

DNA vs. RNA

  • DNA vs. RNA: DNA is a double helix, RNA is single-stranded, RNA has ribose sugar, RNA has uracil instead of thymine.

RNA Types and Functions

  • Types of RNA:
    • mRNA: Carries protein-building instructions.
    • rRNA: Component of ribosomes.
    • tRNA: Carries amino acids to ribosomes.

Transcription

  • Transcription: DNA to RNA
  • Location: Nucleus
  • Process: RNA polymerase binds, separates DNA strands, uses one strand as template to build RNA.

Translation

  • Translation: RNA to protein
  • Location: Cytoplasm (ribosomes)
  • Process: Codons (3 bases) in mRNA translated into amino acids, forming polypeptides.

Protein Synthesis

  • Protein synthesis molecules: RNA molecules
  • Codons per amino acid: 3
  • Amino acid sequence reading: Use a genetic code chart to match codons to amino acids. (e.g., GUC codes for Valine).

Example: DNA, RNA, and Protein Sequence

  • DNA: ATGTGCGCATGCATC
    • mRNA: UACACGCGUACGUAG
  • Amino acids: Tyrosine, Threonine, Arginine, Threonine, none

Gene Expression

  • Gene expression pathway: DNA -> RNA -> Protein
  • Gene expression details: Information encoded in a gene becomes a functioning protein, mRNA breakdown, protein synthesis control, polypeptide modifications.
  • Cell differentiation: Different cells express different genes to perform specialized roles.

Gene Regulation

  • Gene regulation in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes: Eukaryotic regulation is more complex.
  • Gene regulation in specialized cells: Control gene expression to perform specific roles.

Introns and Exons

  • Introns: Non-coding DNA sequences.
  • Exons: Coding DNA sequences.
  • Protein-coding sequence: Exons
  • Process: Protein synthesis.

Mutations

  • Mutation effect: Most mutations have little or no effect.

Homeotic Genes

  • Homeotic genes (Hox genes): Determine body part placement/position.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of DNA structure and replication. This quiz covers topics such as nucleotide composition, base pairing rules, and key experiments leading to the discovery of the double helix. Understand the processes involved in DNA replication and how they relate to the cell cycle.

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