DNA Study Guide Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Name the 4 main steps in Protein Synthesis.

The DNA provides the code to form messenger RNA. Messenger RNA attaches to ribosome. Transfer RNA attaches to messenger RNA, Protein chain continued until reaches 3 letter code.

Genes control the production of proteins in an organism's cell.

True

Chromosomes are made up of proteins.

False

Proteins help determine the size, shape, and other traits of an organism.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A single gene on a chromosome contains only one pair of nitrogen bases.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 nitrogen bases?

<p>Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic code?

<p>The order of nitrogen bases in a gene specifies what type of protein will be produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

One group of three nitrogen bases codes for one ________ _______.

<p>amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amino acids are __________.

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our DNA is the same as any other organism. The order and number of bases is the only difference.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a _____ on a chromosome to produce a specific __________.

<p>gene, protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are made on _______ in the _________ of the cell.

<p>ribosomes, cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA (does or does not) stay inside the nucleus.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do DNA and RNA have in common?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA (does or does not) travel around the cell.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Messenger RNA do?

<p>Copies the code message from DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does transfer RNA do?

<p>Carries the amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA '_____' to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA.

<p>unzips</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step of protein synthesis?

<p>DNA unzips to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the last step of protein synthesis?

<p>The protein chain grows longer as each transfer RNA molecule adds an amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mutation?

<p>A mistake in an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can mutations affect protein synthesis?

<p>It can cause a cell to produce the wrong protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some mutations occur when one nitrogen base is substituted for another.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some mutations occur when chromosomes don't separate correctly during meiosis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutations can be a source of genetic __________.

<p>material</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are all mutations harmful?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutations that are helpful (do or do not) improve an organism's chances for survival and reproduction.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whether a mutation is harmful or helpful depends partly on an organism's __________.

<p>environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Protein Synthesis Steps

  • Four main steps: DNA provides code for mRNA, mRNA attaches to ribosome, tRNA binds to mRNA, and protein chain elongates until a stop codon is reached.

Role of Genes

  • Genes control protein production in an organism's cells.

Chromosomes Composition

  • Chromosomes are composed of DNA, not proteins.

Function of Proteins

  • Proteins determine the size, shape, and traits of an organism.

Genetic Structure

  • A single gene contains multiple pairs of nitrogen bases, not just one pair.

Nitrogen Bases

  • Four nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Genetic Code

  • The sequence of nitrogen bases in a gene specifies the type of protein produced.

Amino Acids

  • A group of three nitrogen bases codes for one amino acid, which are the building blocks of proteins.

DNA Similarity

  • Human DNA is similar to that of other organisms, with differences arising from the order and number of nitrogen bases.

Protein Synthesis Source

  • Cells utilize information from genes on chromosomes to synthesize specific proteins.

Ribosome Location

  • Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes located in the cytoplasm.

DNA and Nucleus

  • DNA remains inside the nucleus of the cell.

DNA and RNA Similarities

  • Both DNA and RNA share adenine and guanine as nitrogen bases.

RNA Mobility

  • RNA can travel within the cell, facilitating protein synthesis.

Function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)

  • mRNA copies DNA's code and transports it to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)

  • tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, contributing to protein formation.

DNA Unzipping

  • DNA "unzips" to initiate the production of a strand of mRNA.

First Step of Protein Synthesis

  • The initial step involves DNA unzipping to create mRNA.

Final Step of Protein Synthesis

  • The protein chain lengthens as tRNA molecules sequentially add amino acids.

Definition of Mutation

  • A mutation is an error occurring within an organism.

Impact of Mutations on Protein Synthesis

  • Mutations can lead to the production of incorrect proteins.

Types of Mutations

  • Some mutations occur due to base substitutions; others can result from improper chromosome separation during meiosis.

Genetic Material Source

  • Mutations provide a source of genetic material which can introduce variation.

Harmfulness of Mutations

  • Not all mutations are harmful; some can even be beneficial.

Mutations and Survival

  • Helpful mutations can enhance an organism's likelihood of survival and reproduction.

Contextual Dependence of Mutations

  • Whether a mutation is harmful or helpful can depend on the organism's environment.

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Test your knowledge of DNA and protein synthesis with these flashcards. Each card covers essential concepts such as the steps in protein synthesis and the role of genes and chromosomes. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of molecular biology.

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