Questions and Answers
Name the 4 main steps in Protein Synthesis.
The DNA provides the code to form messenger RNA. Messenger RNA attaches to ribosome. Transfer RNA attaches to messenger RNA, Protein chain continued until reaches 3 letter code.
Genes control the production of proteins in an organism's cell.
True
Chromosomes are made up of proteins.
False
Proteins help determine the size, shape, and other traits of an organism.
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A single gene on a chromosome contains only one pair of nitrogen bases.
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases?
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What is the genetic code?
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One group of three nitrogen bases codes for one ________ _______.
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Amino acids are __________.
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Our DNA is the same as any other organism. The order and number of bases is the only difference.
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During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a _____ on a chromosome to produce a specific __________.
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Proteins are made on _______ in the _________ of the cell.
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DNA (does or does not) stay inside the nucleus.
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What do DNA and RNA have in common?
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RNA (does or does not) travel around the cell.
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What does Messenger RNA do?
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What does transfer RNA do?
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DNA '_____' to direct the production of a strand of messenger RNA.
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What is the first step of protein synthesis?
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What is the last step of protein synthesis?
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What is a mutation?
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How can mutations affect protein synthesis?
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Some mutations occur when one nitrogen base is substituted for another.
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Some mutations occur when chromosomes don't separate correctly during meiosis.
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Mutations can be a source of genetic __________.
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Are all mutations harmful?
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Mutations that are helpful (do or do not) improve an organism's chances for survival and reproduction.
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Whether a mutation is harmful or helpful depends partly on an organism's __________.
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Study Notes
Protein Synthesis Steps
- Four main steps: DNA provides code for mRNA, mRNA attaches to ribosome, tRNA binds to mRNA, and protein chain elongates until a stop codon is reached.
Role of Genes
- Genes control protein production in an organism's cells.
Chromosomes Composition
- Chromosomes are composed of DNA, not proteins.
Function of Proteins
- Proteins determine the size, shape, and traits of an organism.
Genetic Structure
- A single gene contains multiple pairs of nitrogen bases, not just one pair.
Nitrogen Bases
- Four nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
Genetic Code
- The sequence of nitrogen bases in a gene specifies the type of protein produced.
Amino Acids
- A group of three nitrogen bases codes for one amino acid, which are the building blocks of proteins.
DNA Similarity
- Human DNA is similar to that of other organisms, with differences arising from the order and number of nitrogen bases.
Protein Synthesis Source
- Cells utilize information from genes on chromosomes to synthesize specific proteins.
Ribosome Location
- Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes located in the cytoplasm.
DNA and Nucleus
- DNA remains inside the nucleus of the cell.
DNA and RNA Similarities
- Both DNA and RNA share adenine and guanine as nitrogen bases.
RNA Mobility
- RNA can travel within the cell, facilitating protein synthesis.
Function of Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- mRNA copies DNA's code and transports it to the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, contributing to protein formation.
DNA Unzipping
- DNA "unzips" to initiate the production of a strand of mRNA.
First Step of Protein Synthesis
- The initial step involves DNA unzipping to create mRNA.
Final Step of Protein Synthesis
- The protein chain lengthens as tRNA molecules sequentially add amino acids.
Definition of Mutation
- A mutation is an error occurring within an organism.
Impact of Mutations on Protein Synthesis
- Mutations can lead to the production of incorrect proteins.
Types of Mutations
- Some mutations occur due to base substitutions; others can result from improper chromosome separation during meiosis.
Genetic Material Source
- Mutations provide a source of genetic material which can introduce variation.
Harmfulness of Mutations
- Not all mutations are harmful; some can even be beneficial.
Mutations and Survival
- Helpful mutations can enhance an organism's likelihood of survival and reproduction.
Contextual Dependence of Mutations
- Whether a mutation is harmful or helpful can depend on the organism's environment.
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Test your knowledge of DNA and protein synthesis with these flashcards. Each card covers essential concepts such as the steps in protein synthesis and the role of genes and chromosomes. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of molecular biology.
