DNA Structure and Mutations
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Questions and Answers

La homeostasis es la capacidad de un organismo de cambiar su temperatura corporal según la temperatura del medio externo.

False (B)

Los animales tienen un metabolismo autótrofo.

False (B)

La irradiabilidad es la capacidad de un organismo de producir nuevos seres vivos.

False (B)

El movimiento es una característica que solo se aplica a los animales.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Un ecosistema está compuesto solo por factores bióticos.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Los sistemas de organización de la materia viva se componen de solo tres niveles jerárquicos.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Los organelos pueden ser observados a simple vista.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

El sistema de organización biológica se compone de siete niveles en orden creciente.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

La biósfera es el nivel más bajo de organización en el sistema ecológico.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

La capacidad de intercambiar materia y energía con el entorno es una propiedad exclusiva de los seres vivos de nivel celular.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nucleotide

The fundamental building block of DNA, composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that carries the genetic instructions in all living organisms.

Mutation

A permanent change in the DNA sequence; can be silent, beneficial, neutral, or detrimental.

Substitution Mutation

A type of mutation where one nucleotide is replaced with another.

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Insertion Mutation

A type of mutation where one or more nucleotides are added to the DNA sequence.

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Deletion Mutation

A type of mutation where one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence.

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Frameshift Mutation

A mutation caused by insertion or deletion that changes the reading frame of the genetic code.

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Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Metabolism

All chemical reactions occurring in a living organism, including energy transformations.

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Irritability

An organism's ability to respond to stimuli.

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Reproduction

The production of new organisms of the same kind.

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Adaptability

The ability of an organism to adjust to changing environmental conditions.

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Growth

The increase in size and complexity of an organism.

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Movement

The ability of an organism to change position or location.

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Population

A group of organisms of the same species inhabiting a specific area.

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Community

All the populations of different species interacting within a specific area.

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Ecosystem

The combination of all living organisms (biotic factors) and their physical environment (abiotic factors) within a specific area.

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Biosphere

All of Earth's ecosystems combined.

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Sistemas de Organización

Hierarchical organization of matter from subatomic particles to ecosystems.

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Study Notes

Structure

  • ADN (Adenine, Deoxyribose, Nitrogenous base) is a nucleotide, the building block of DNA.
  • Consists of:
    • Adenine (A) - a nitrogenous base
    • Deoxyribose - a five-carbon sugar
    • Phosphate group - links nucleotides together
  • The sugar-phosphate backbone provides structural support, while the nitrogenous bases project inward and pair with each other.

Mutation

  • A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence.
  • Types of mutations:
    1. Substitution: replacement of one nucleotide with another.
    2. Insertion: addition of one or more nucleotides.
    3. Deletion: removal of one or more nucleotides.
    4. Frameshift: insertion or deletion leading to a change in the reading frame.
  • Causes of mutations:
    • Errors during DNA replication
    • Exposure to mutagenic agents (e.g., radiation, chemicals)
  • Effects of mutations:
    • Can be silent (no effect on protein function)
    • Can result in changes to protein function or structure
    • Can be beneficial, neutral, or detrimental to the organism

Sistemas de Organización de la Materia

  • La materia se organiza en sistemas jerárquicos, con niveles de complejidad creciente, que incluyen sistemas químicos, biológicos y ecológicos.

Sistema de Organización Química

  • Se compone de partículas subatómicas, átomos, moléculas y organelos, que no se pueden observar a simple vista, excepto los organelos con un microscopio óptico.

Sistema de Organización Biológica

  • Está compuesto por células, tejidos, órganos, sistemas de órganos y organismos, con un orden creciente de complejidad.

Sistema de Organización Ecológica

  • Comprende las relaciones entre los seres vivos y su entorno, con cuatro niveles: población, comunidad, ecosistema y biósfera.

Propiedades Trascendentes

  • Son características comunes a varios niveles de organización, como la capacidad de intercambiar materia y energía con el entorno.

Propiedades Emergentes en los Organismos

  • Homeostasis: capacidad de mantener estable una condición en el medio interno a pesar de los cambios externos.
  • Metabolismo: conjunto de reacciones químicas y transformaciones de energía que permiten la degradación o formación de moléculas.
  • Irritabilidad: capacidad de responder a los estímulos.
  • Reproducción: capacidad de producir nuevos organismos vivos.
  • Adaptabilidad: capacidad de ejecutar pequeños cambios de comportamiento o fisiológicos para sobrevivir en diferentes condiciones ambientales.
  • Crecimiento: aumento de tamaño que experimentan los organismos.
  • Movimiento: capacidad de orientarse hacia un ángulo más favorable o desplazarse en la totalidad del organismo.

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Description

Learn about the structure of DNA, including the components of a nucleotide, and understand the different types of mutations that can occur in DNA, including substitutions, insertions, deletions, and frameshifts.

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