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Questions and Answers
Which components make up a DNA nucleotide?
Which components make up a DNA nucleotide?
What is the primary function of DNA in the cell?
What is the primary function of DNA in the cell?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
What differentiates deoxyribose from ribose in the structure of nucleic acids?
What differentiates deoxyribose from ribose in the structure of nucleic acids?
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What is the significance of the hydrolysis of DNA?
What is the significance of the hydrolysis of DNA?
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Which statement is true regarding the structure of pyrimidines?
Which statement is true regarding the structure of pyrimidines?
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What charge is present in polynucleotides due to the phosphate groups?
What charge is present in polynucleotides due to the phosphate groups?
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Who coined the term 'nucleic acid' in reference to the isolated material from nuclei?
Who coined the term 'nucleic acid' in reference to the isolated material from nuclei?
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What defines a polynucleotide?
What defines a polynucleotide?
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What role does the phosphate group play in nucleotide structure?
What role does the phosphate group play in nucleotide structure?
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Which statement is true regarding the orientation of nucleotides in a polynucleotide?
Which statement is true regarding the orientation of nucleotides in a polynucleotide?
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Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
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What structural feature characterizes the DNA double helix?
What structural feature characterizes the DNA double helix?
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What is the significance of the order of bases in a polynucleotide?
What is the significance of the order of bases in a polynucleotide?
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In what way does a dinucleotide differ from a mononucleotide?
In what way does a dinucleotide differ from a mononucleotide?
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Which statement accurately describes the composition of a nucleotide?
Which statement accurately describes the composition of a nucleotide?
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What is the role of phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids?
What is the role of phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids?
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Which atoms are involved in the glycosidic bond linking the sugar to the base in nucleosides?
Which atoms are involved in the glycosidic bond linking the sugar to the base in nucleosides?
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What distinguishes deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides?
What distinguishes deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides?
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What defines the 5`-end of a DNA strand?
What defines the 5`-end of a DNA strand?
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How are nucleotides joined together within a nucleic acid chain?
How are nucleotides joined together within a nucleic acid chain?
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Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?
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What is the ratio of adenine to thymine in a DNA molecule according to Chargaff's Rule?
What is the ratio of adenine to thymine in a DNA molecule according to Chargaff's Rule?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of nucleosides?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of nucleosides?
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Which part of a nucleotide attaches to the sugar at the C-5` position?
Which part of a nucleotide attaches to the sugar at the C-5` position?
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How many hydrogen bonds are formed between guanine and cytosine?
How many hydrogen bonds are formed between guanine and cytosine?
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What type of bond is formed between the carbon-1 on one sugar and carbon-4 on another in polysaccharides?
What type of bond is formed between the carbon-1 on one sugar and carbon-4 on another in polysaccharides?
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What is the major groove in the DNA double helix?
What is the major groove in the DNA double helix?
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Which of the following is NOT part of DNA's backbone structure?
Which of the following is NOT part of DNA's backbone structure?
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What characterizes the minor groove in DNA?
What characterizes the minor groove in DNA?
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What is the significance of the grooves in DNA?
What is the significance of the grooves in DNA?
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Which type of bond connects the sugar and bases in DNA?
Which type of bond connects the sugar and bases in DNA?
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What is the most common conformation of DNA?
What is the most common conformation of DNA?
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How many base pairs are present in one complete turn of B-DNA?
How many base pairs are present in one complete turn of B-DNA?
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What is the diameter of the double helix structure of B-DNA?
What is the diameter of the double helix structure of B-DNA?
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Under which conditions is Z-DNA typically formed?
Under which conditions is Z-DNA typically formed?
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How does the pitch of the helix in A-DNA compare to that of B-DNA?
How does the pitch of the helix in A-DNA compare to that of B-DNA?
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Which type of organisms typically have DNA that is present as a single circular molecule?
Which type of organisms typically have DNA that is present as a single circular molecule?
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Which of the following correctly describes the major groove of Z-DNA?
Which of the following correctly describes the major groove of Z-DNA?
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Which statement accurately describes prokaryotic DNA?
Which statement accurately describes prokaryotic DNA?
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Study Notes
DNA Structure
- DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
- Nuclear DNA is bound to basic proteins called histones.
- DNA carries genetic information.
History of DNA Discovery
- Meischer isolated a phosphorous-rich substance called "nuclein" from white blood cell nuclei in 1868, which was later discovered to be nucleic acid + protein (nucleoprotein).
- Altman isolated a protein-free preparation of nuclei in 1898 and coined the term “Nucleic acid”.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the specific nucleic acid found in the nucleus.
Components of DNA
- DNA hydrolysis produces nitrogenous bases, deoxypentose sugar, and phosphate groups.
- Sugar: Deoxyribose
-
Nitrogenous Bases:
- Purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
- Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)
- Phosphate
- Nucleotide: Sugar + Base + Phosphate
DNA Sugar Structure
- Ribose is the sugar found in RNA.
- Deoxyribose is the sugar found in DNA.
- Both ribose and deoxyribose are sugars present in the ring form.
- In RNA, both 2' and 3' positions have OH groups attached to the sugar.
- In DNA, OH group is attached at the 3' position of the sugar.
Nitrogenous Bases
- Nitrogenous bases have C-N ring structures, giving them their name.
- Purines: Adenine and Guanine have two joined C-N rings with different side chains.
- Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine have one C-N ring with different side chains.
Phosphate Group
- Phosphates attached to DNA are rigid units with no internal flexibility.
- Four oxygen atoms occupy a tetrahedral arrangement around the phosphorus center.
- Negative charge at the phosphate group contributes to the acidity of nucleic acids.
Nucleosides
- Base + 5-carbon sugar (ribose/deoxyribose) = Nucleoside
- Ribose + Base = Ribonucleosides
- Deoxyribose + Base = Deoxyribonucleosides
- Glycosidic bonds link the C-1' of the sugar to either N-1 (pyrimidines) or N-9 (purines) of the base.
Nucleotides
- Base + Sugar + Phosphate = Nucleotide
- Phosphate is linked to a free hydroxyl group of the sugar, either at C-3' or C-5' of ribose.
- Deoxyribose containing nucleotides are called deoxyribonucleotides.
- Ribose containing nucleotides are called ribonucleotides.
- Deoxyribonucleotides are the building blocks of DNA.
- Ribonucleotides are the building blocks of RNA.
- Phosphodiester bonds join nucleotides together in nucleic acids.
DNA Strand Formation
- Covalent 3'-5' phosphodiester linkages bind nucleotides in each strand of the DNA double helix.
- Each phosphodiester bond involves a phosphate residue linking the 3'-OH group of one nucleotide with the 5'-OH group of the next nucleotide.
- This bonding generates a linear polydeoxyribonucleotide strand with two free ends.
- The 5' end bears a free 5' phosphate group.
- The 3' end bears a free 3' hydroxyl or 3' phosphate group.
Nucleic Acid Classification
- Mononucleotide: Single nucleotide consisting of one base, one sugar, and one phosphate group.
- Dinucleotide: Consists of two units, each containing a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
- Polynucleotide: A polymer composed of many nucleotides.
DNA Double Helix
- The 3D structure of DNA was deciphered in 1953 by Watson and Crick, based on X-ray diffraction photographs by Franklin and Wilkins.
- DNA comprises two strands twisted around each other to form a double helix, with the bases inside and the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside.
- The two DNA strands are antiparallel, meaning one strand is oriented 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.
- Bases form hydrogen bonds with each other, A with T and G with C, known as complementary base pairing.
Chargaff's Rule
- Adenine always pairs with Thymine (A-T).
- Guanine always pairs with Cytosine (G-C).
- The amounts of A and T, and G and C in a DNA molecule are equal (1:1).
- There are two hydrogen bonds between A and T, and three hydrogen bonds between G and C.
DNA Grooves
- The glycosidic bonds between sugar and bases are not directly opposite each other in DNA, resulting in two grooves of unequal width around the double helix.
- Major groove: Wider than 180 degrees from glycosidic bond to glycosidic bond.
- Minor groove: Narrower than 180 degrees from glycosidic bond to glycosidic bond.
Protein Interaction with DNA
- Proteins bind to DNA to alter its structure or regulate transcription and replication.
- The major groove is more accessible to DNA-binding proteins due to its width and lack of backbone obstruction.
- The edges of bases are more exposed in the major groove.
DNA Conformations
- DNA can exist in various conformations depending on base composition and physical conditions.
- These conformations do not alter the information content of DNA.
- B-DNA: The most common DNA conformation, right-handed helix, one complete turn every 10.4 base pairs, pitch is 3.4nm, 0.33nm length increase per base pair, diameter is 2.37nm, narrow minor groove, wide major groove.
- A-DNA: Right-handed helix, wider and flatter than B-DNA, short and stubby, occurs in dehydrated conditions or low salt concentrations, pitch is 2.46nm, 11 base pairs per turn, deep major groove, shallow minor groove.
- Z-DNA: Left-handed helix, found under high salt concentrations, longer and thinner than B-DNA, 12 base pairs per turn, pitch is 4.56nm, diameter is 1.84nm, major groove is a convex surface, minor groove is a deep cleft.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic DNA
- Prokaryotic DNA: Found in bacteria and archaea, lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, circular DNA molecule called a bacterial chromosome, DNA is naked without associated histone proteins.
- Eukaryotic DNA: Found in complex multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi) and some single-celled organisms (amoeba, yeast), has a membrane-bound nucleus, DNA is bound to histone proteins.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential components and structure of DNA, including its historical discovery and the roles of various nucleotides. Understand the significance of deoxyribonucleic acid and its foundational role in genetics. Test your knowledge on the parts that make up DNA and the scientists who contributed to its discovery.