DNA Structure and Codon Translation

DNA Structure and Amino Acid Relationships

Codon Translation

• Codon: a sequence of three nucleotides (A, C, G, or T) that codes for a specific amino acid or stops protein synthesis
• Genetic code: the set of rules that determines which amino acid corresponds to each codon
• Start codon: AUG, which codes for methionine and initiates protein synthesis
• Stop codons: UAG, UAA, and UGA, which terminate protein synthesis
• Codon table: a table that shows the correspondence between codons and amino acids

Amino Acid Sequencing

• Amino acid sequence: the sequence of amino acids in a protein
• Primary structure: the sequence of amino acids in a protein, which determines its 3D structure and function
• Peptide bond: a covalent bond between two amino acids, formed during protein synthesis
• Polypeptide chain: a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

MRNA Transcription

• Transcription: the process of creating a complementary RNA copy from a DNA template
• mRNA (messenger RNA): the RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis
• Transcription initiation: the process of recruiting RNA polymerase to the DNA template to begin transcription
• Transcription termination: the process of ending transcription, which occurs when the RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal
• mRNA processing: the modification of the primary transcript to form mature mRNA, including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation

DNA Structure and Amino Acid Relationships

Codon Translation

• A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides (A, C, G, or T) that codes for a specific amino acid or stops protein synthesis.
• The genetic code determines which amino acid corresponds to each codon.
• The start codon AUG codes for methionine and initiates protein synthesis.
• The stop codons UAG, UAA, and UGA terminate protein synthesis.
• A codon table shows the correspondence between codons and amino acids.

Amino Acid Sequencing

• The amino acid sequence is the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
• The primary structure of a protein, which is the sequence of amino acids, determines its 3D structure and function.
• Peptide bonds are covalent bonds between two amino acids, formed during protein synthesis.
• A polypeptide chain is a sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

MRNA Transcription

• Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy from a DNA template.
• mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
• Transcription initiation involves recruiting RNA polymerase to the DNA template to begin transcription.
• Transcription termination occurs when the RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal.
• mRNA processing modifies the primary transcript to form mature mRNA through splicing, capping, and polyadenylation.