DNA Structure and Biochemical Techniques

DNA strands can be separated by mechanical force or high temperature.

The formula used to prepare diluted reagents is M1V1 = M2V2.

To prepare a 10 mL solution at 15% concentration from a 50% stock solution, 3 mL of stock is required.

The molecular weight of NaOH is calculated to be 58.

To prepare 250 mL of a 2M TES buffer, 100 mL of a 5M solution is needed.

DNA carries genetic instructions for the development of all known living organisms and many viruses.

RNA is composed of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose.

The nucleotide bases in DNA can be either purines or ketones.

Adenine in DNA bonds with thymine through two hydrogen bonds.

Cytosine pairs with uracil in the structure of DNA.

Nucleotides are connected by covalent bonds called phosphodiester bonds.

Each type of nucleobase on one DNA strand pairs with more than one type on the opposite strand.

A dinucleotide consists of three connected nucleotides.

DNA Structure

DNA carries genetic instructions for living organisms and many viruses.
Some viruses use RNA instead of DNA.
DNA and RNA are polymeric molecules made of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide has a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.
A nucleoside is the base-sugar combination.
A nucleotide is base-sugar-phosphate.
DNA nucleotides are deoxyribonucleotides because they contain 2-deoxyribose sugar.
RNA nucleotides are ribonucleotides because they contain ribose sugar.
Nucleotide bases are either purines (double-ringed) or pyrimidines (single-ringed).
Purines in DNA and RNA are adenine (A) and guanine (G).
Pyrimidine cytosine (C) is found in both DNA and RNA.
Thymine (T) is a pyrimidine found only in DNA.
Uracil (U) is a pyrimidine found only in RNA, replacing thymine.

Biochemical Techniques

Diluting Reagents: Use C1V1 = C2V2 formula (concentration 1, volume 1 = concentration 2, volume 2).
Example: To make 10 mL of 15% fructose solution from 50% stock, use 3 mL of the stock solution and add 7 mL of distilled water to reach the final volume.
Calculating Molarity: Formula: Molarity = (Wt / Molecular weight) * 1000 / volume
Example: To make 400 mL of 3M NaOH solution: Find the molecular weight of NaOH (23 + 16 + 1 = 40 g/mol) Calculate Wt needed using the above formula : 48 g needed.

This quiz covers the essential concepts of DNA structure, including the components of nucleotides and the differences between DNA and RNA. Additionally, it includes biochemical techniques such as diluting reagents using the C1V1 = C2V2 formula. Test your understanding of these fundamental topics in molecular biology.