Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
DNA is a single-stranded molecule.
DNA is a single-stranded molecule.
False (B)
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
The process of converting the genetic code from DNA to RNA is called ______.
The process of converting the genetic code from DNA to RNA is called ______.
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Match the following types of RNA with their primary functions:
Match the following types of RNA with their primary functions:
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Which of the following are nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
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The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is formed by direct bonds between the sugar molecules.
The sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA is formed by direct bonds between the sugar molecules.
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What type of bond links the two strands of DNA together?
What type of bond links the two strands of DNA together?
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The ______ group of one nucleotide forms a bond with the 3' hydroxyl group of the sugar from the next nucleotide.
The ______ group of one nucleotide forms a bond with the 3' hydroxyl group of the sugar from the next nucleotide.
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Match the following nitrogenous bases with their complementary base pair:
Match the following nitrogenous bases with their complementary base pair:
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Which of the following is a purine base?
Which of the following is a purine base?
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Regions of DNA rich in C-G pairs are more stable than regions rich in A-T pairs.
Regions of DNA rich in C-G pairs are more stable than regions rich in A-T pairs.
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What is the name of the covalent bond that links nucleotides together in a DNA strand?
What is the name of the covalent bond that links nucleotides together in a DNA strand?
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The two strands of DNA are ______ meaning they run in opposite directions.
The two strands of DNA are ______ meaning they run in opposite directions.
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Which of the following accurately describes the function of nucleotides?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of nucleotides?
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The function of phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA is to:
The function of phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA is to:
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The two strands of DNA run in the same direction, from 5' to 3'.
The two strands of DNA run in the same direction, from 5' to 3'.
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What are the two primary types of grooves found in the DNA double helix?
What are the two primary types of grooves found in the DNA double helix?
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Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, ______ chromosome.
Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, ______ chromosome.
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Match the roles of the following structures in DNA replication and cell division:
Match the roles of the following structures in DNA replication and cell division:
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about telomeres?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about telomeres?
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Chromatin can exist in two forms: euchromatin and heterochromatin. Euchromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive.
Chromatin can exist in two forms: euchromatin and heterochromatin. Euchromatin is tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive.
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What is the purpose of DNA packaging?
What is the purpose of DNA packaging?
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During ______, each daughter cell receives half the number of chromosomes from the parent cell.
During ______, each daughter cell receives half the number of chromosomes from the parent cell.
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What is the primary function of centromeres during cell division?
What is the primary function of centromeres during cell division?
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Flashcards
DNA
DNA
Molecule that stores genetic information for organisms.
RNA
RNA
Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.
mRNA
mRNA
Messenger RNA that carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome.
tRNA
tRNA
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rRNA
rRNA
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Proteins
Proteins
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Nucleotides
Nucleotides
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Smooth Strain
Smooth Strain
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Rough Strain
Rough Strain
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Griffith's Experiment
Griffith's Experiment
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Phosphodiester Bonds
Phosphodiester Bonds
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Complementary Base Pairing
Complementary Base Pairing
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Major and Minor Grooves
Major and Minor Grooves
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Prokaryotic Chromosomes
Prokaryotic Chromosomes
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
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Karyotype
Karyotype
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Histones
Histones
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Nucleosomes
Nucleosomes
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Telomeres
Telomeres
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Centromeres
Centromeres
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Nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base
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Phosphate-Sugar Backbone
Phosphate-Sugar Backbone
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DNA Double Helix
DNA Double Helix
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Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
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Base Pairing
Base Pairing
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Pyrimidines and Purines
Pyrimidines and Purines
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Single Nucleotide
Single Nucleotide
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Polynucleotide
Polynucleotide
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5' and 3' Ends
5' and 3' Ends
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Study Notes
DNA, RNA, and Proteins
- DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) stores genetic information, used to build and maintain an organism. Its instructions create proteins, which perform cellular functions.
- DNA structure: Two strands of nucleotides forming a double helix, running anti-parallel.
- DNA function: Provides instructions for RNA, which guides protein synthesis.
- RNA (Ribonucleic acid) is a single-stranded nucleic acid playing roles in protein synthesis.
- Types of RNA:
- mRNA (messenger RNA): Carries genetic code to ribosomes.
- tRNA (transfer RNA): Brings amino acids to ribosomes.
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Ribosome component linking amino acids.
- Proteins are large molecules made of amino acids. They have a variety of functions, including enzymatic reactions and structural support.
- DNA to protein process: DNA stores instructions, RNA carries them to the machinery that builds proteins, which then perform cellular tasks.
Smooth Strain and Rough Strain Bacteria
- Smooth strain (S-strain): Pathogenic bacteria with protective capsules.
- Rough strain (R-strain): Non-pathogenic bacteria without capsules.
- Griffith's experiment showed DNA transfers genetic information between these strains.
Nucleotides
- Nucleotide: The basic building block of DNA and RNA.
- Structure: Phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), nitrogenous base.
- Nitrogenous bases (DNA): Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine.
- Nitrogenous bases (RNA): Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine.
- Nucleotide function: Genetic information storage and energy carrier roles.
Phosphate-Sugar Backbone
- Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides in a single DNA/RNA strand, not sugar to sugar.
- A phosphodiester bond forms between the 3' hydroxyl of one nucleotide's sugar and the 5' phosphate of the adjacent nucleotide's sugar.
- This arrangement forms a backbone with sugars and phosphates.
- Negative charge from phosphates helps to stabilize structure.
DNA Double Helix
- The double helix shape results from two DNA strands coiled around each other.
- Nucleotides form the "rungs" of the ladder, and the sugar-phosphate backbone creates the "sides."
- Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA): Strands run in opposite directions (anti-parallel).
Hydrogen Bonds and Base Pairing
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between molecules.
- Base pairing:
- Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), held by two hydrogen bonds.
- Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G), held by three hydrogen bonds.
- Complementary base pairing allows a template for replication.
- C-G rich areas are more stable than A-T rich areas.
Pyrimidines and Purines
- Pyrimidines: Single-ringed bases (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil).
- Purines: Double-ringed bases (Adenine, Guanine).
- Purines always pair with pyrimidines to maintain the DNA helix structure.
Single Nucleotide Structure and Function
- Single nucleotide: Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate group.
- Function: Building blocks of DNA and RNA, energy carriers (e.g., ATP).
Polynucleotides and Phosphodiester Bonds
- Polynucleotide chains: Long chains of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds.
- 5' and 3' ends: DNA/RNA strands have directional ends based on sugar carbon numbering.
- 5' end has a free phosphate group.
- 3' end has a free hydroxyl group.
- Phosphodiester bond function: Forms a stable backbone for storing genetic information and preventing damage.
Complementary Base Pairing
- Strands in DNA pair due to complementary bases. A-T and C-G pairing.
- Role in replication: Each strand acts as a template for producing a new complementary strand.
Major and Minor Grooves in the DNA Helix
- Major and minor grooves: Uneven spacing in the double helix.
- Major groove: Wider, deeper, allows protein interaction for processes like transcription.
- Minor groove: Narrower, shallower, also facilitates interactions but with different molecules.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Chromosomes
- Prokaryotes: Single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm.
- Eukaryotes: Multiple linear chromosomes in a nucleus, tightly packed.
The Number 46
- Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)—a diploid set.
Karyotype
- Karyotype: Ordered profile of chromosomes, used to detect abnormalities.
Histones, Chromatin, and Nucleosomes
- Histones: Positively charged proteins that DNA wraps around.
- Chromatin: DNA wrapped around histones.
- Nucleosomes: Fundamental units of chromatin, including 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around histone octamers.
DNA Packaging Levels
- DNA packaging: Compacts DNA to fit into the nucleus.
- Nucleosomes: DNA wraps around histone proteins.
- Chromatin: Nucleosomes coil into a more compact fiber.
- Euchromatin: Loosely packed, accessible for transcription.
- Heterochromatin: Tightly packed, usually inactive transcriptionally.
- Chromosomes: Formed during cell division for efficient DNA distribution.
Daughter Cells
- Daughter cells: New cells produced during cell division (mitosis or meiosis).
- DNA replication ensures each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the parent cell DNA.
- Mitosis: Identical chromosomes passed to each daughter cell.
- Meiosis: Daughter cells receive half the parent's chromosome number.
Telomeres and Centromeres
- Telomeres: Repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes to protect them from deterioration.
- Telomere shortening: Linked with aging.
- Telomerase: Enzyme that rebuilds telomeres.
- Centromeres: Region where sister chromatids are connected.
- Function in Cell Division: Spindle fibers attach to centromeres during division to pull chromatids to daughter cells.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of DNA, RNA, and proteins through this quiz. Learn about the structures and functions of these essential molecules in biological processes. Understand how genetic information guides protein synthesis and the roles of different types of RNA.
