DNA Replication Steps Flashcards

Study Notes

Step 1: Unwinding of DNA

Hydrogen bonds between bases of antiparallel strands break, initiating the DNA replication process.
The unwinding occurs predominantly at regions rich in Adenine-Thymine (A-T) due to their two hydrogen bonds compared to the three between Cytosine-Guanine (C-G).
Helicase enzyme facilitates the separation of strands, establishing the "origin of replication."
The structure formed during this process is referred to as the "Replication Fork."

Step 2: Priming the Template

RNA Primase binds to the initiation point of the 3'-5' parent chain, crucial for DNA replication.
This enzyme attracts RNA nucleotides, which pair with the DNA nucleotides of the 3'-5' strand, forming RNA primers essential for replication.

Step 3: DNA Strand Elongation

Elongation differs between the leading and lagging strands:
- Leading Strand: Synthesized continuously by DNA Polymerase reading the 5'-3' template, adding complementary nucleotides.
- Lagging Strand: Discontinuous synthesis occurs because DNA Polymerase cannot read the 3'-5' template directly. It uses multiple RNA primers to create short segments known as "Okazaki Fragments."
The RNA Primers are critical for DNA Polymerase to attach nucleotides to the 3' end, allowing the daughter strand to elongate.

Step 4: Removing RNA Primers

On the lagging strand, DNA Polymerase I acts as an exonuclease, removing RNA Primers from Okazaki Fragments.
DNA Polymerase fills the gaps with complementary nucleotides, while DNA Ligase seals the phosphate-sugar backbone.
Each new double helix retains one old and one new strand; this mechanism is termed semiconservative replication.

Step 5: Termination of Replication

Termination occurs when DNA Polymerase reaches the end of the strands and cannot seal gaps left after removing RNA primers.
The ends of linear DNA strands, where the last primer is positioned, are not replicated, leaving noncoding DNA, or telomeres, which consist of repetitive sequences.
Each replication cycle results in the loss of part of the telomere, which plays a role in cellular aging.

Description

Test your knowledge on the steps of DNA replication with these flashcards. Learn about the processes involved in unwinding DNA and the role of enzymes such as helicase. Perfect for students studying molecular biology and genetics.