Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the full name of DNA?
What is the full name of DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What is the function of the genetic code?
What is the function of the genetic code?
It's how cells store information to be passed on to the next generation.
What are the three subunits of a nucleotide?
What are the three subunits of a nucleotide?
A phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.
Which of the following are purines?
Which of the following are purines?
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
The two strands of DNA are identical.
The two strands of DNA are identical.
Each strand of DNA can serve as a pattern to put together the sequence of bases on the other half.
Each strand of DNA can serve as a pattern to put together the sequence of bases on the other half.
Why must a cell duplicate its DNA?
Why must a cell duplicate its DNA?
What enzyme unzips and unwinds the two strands of DNA during replication?
What enzyme unzips and unwinds the two strands of DNA during replication?
What shape is formed where DNA separates during replication?
What shape is formed where DNA separates during replication?
What enzyme adds new nucleotides and bases to the exposed strands during DNA replication?
What enzyme adds new nucleotides and bases to the exposed strands during DNA replication?
DNA polymerases do not have a proofreading function.
DNA polymerases do not have a proofreading function.
What are the two components of each new DNA molecule after replication?
What are the two components of each new DNA molecule after replication?
The process of turning genes into specific traits is called ______ expression.
The process of turning genes into specific traits is called ______ expression.
What is the first step in gene expression?
What is the first step in gene expression?
Transcription creates an mRNA molecule that is identical to the DNA sequence.
Transcription creates an mRNA molecule that is identical to the DNA sequence.
What enzyme carries out transcription?
What enzyme carries out transcription?
What is the second step in gene expression?
What is the second step in gene expression?
What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes?
What type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes?
What type of RNA reads the mRNA during translation and translates it into amino acids?
What type of RNA reads the mRNA during translation and translates it into amino acids?
What type of RNA is found in ribosomes?
What type of RNA is found in ribosomes?
What is the difference between the sugar in DNA and RNA?
What is the difference between the sugar in DNA and RNA?
RNA is double-stranded.
RNA is double-stranded.
DNA uses thymine as a nitrogenous base, while RNA uses uracil.
DNA uses thymine as a nitrogenous base, while RNA uses uracil.
All base pairing rules apply to RNA, except adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine.
All base pairing rules apply to RNA, except adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine.
What is the role of the promoter sequence in transcription?
What is the role of the promoter sequence in transcription?
What does mRNA carry?
What does mRNA carry?
What is a codon?
What is a codon?
What does each codon specify?
What does each codon specify?
What is the process of using information in mRNA to assemble amino acids and make proteins called?
What is the process of using information in mRNA to assemble amino acids and make proteins called?
Besides the mRNA, what other types of RNA are involved in translation?
Besides the mRNA, what other types of RNA are involved in translation?
What is the final product of translation?
What is the final product of translation?
Translation occurs in a single step, involving only mRNA.
Translation occurs in a single step, involving only mRNA.
What binds with mRNA to start translation?
What binds with mRNA to start translation?
What happens when the ribosome encounters a stop codon during translation?
What happens when the ribosome encounters a stop codon during translation?
Why does tRNA know which amino acid to bring to the ribosome?
Why does tRNA know which amino acid to bring to the ribosome?
Flashcards
Genetic Code
Genetic Code
The way cells store information in the nucleus to be passed on to the next generation.
DNA
DNA
A large molecule made up of nucleotides.
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
The building blocks of DNA, each consisting of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.
Nitrogen Base
Nitrogen Base
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Purines
Purines
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Pyrimidines
Pyrimidines
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DNA Backbone
DNA Backbone
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Base Pairing Rules
Base Pairing Rules
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DNA Replication
DNA Replication
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DNA Helicase
DNA Helicase
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Replication Fork
Replication Fork
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DNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase
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Proofreading
Proofreading
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Gene Expression
Gene Expression
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Uracil
Uracil
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
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Ribose
Ribose
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mRNA (Messenger RNA)
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
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tRNA (Transfer RNA)
tRNA (Transfer RNA)
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rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
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Promoter
Promoter
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RNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
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Codon
Codon
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Translation
Translation
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Ribosome
Ribosome
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Anticodon
Anticodon
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Polypeptide
Polypeptide
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Study Notes
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
- DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic code cells use to pass information to the next generation.
- DNA is a macromolecule made of nucleotides.
- Each nucleotide has three subunits: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base.
- Four nitrogen bases exist: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.
- Adenine and guanine are purines; thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines.
- Nucleotides link to form DNA molecules. Sugars and phosphates form the DNA backbone.
- DNA has a double helix structure.
- The two strands of DNA are complementary, like puzzle pieces.
- Each strand serves as a pattern for the other.
- DNA replication occurs before cell division so each cell has a complete DNA copy.
- DNA helicase unzips and unwinds DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.
- This creates a Y-shape called a replication fork.
- DNA polymerases add new nucleotides and bases to exposed strands.
- DNA polymerases proofread bases to ensure correct pairing.
- Usually only one mutation happens per billion bases.
- Two identical DNA molecules result, each with one original and one new strand.
DNA Replication - Example
- Original DNA Strand: A-T-T-C-G-C-T-A-G-T-A
- Complementary strand: T-A-A-G-C-G-A-T-C-A-T
RNA Introduction
- Gene expression turns genes into specific traits, and is done by RNA.
- Transcription copies part of the DNA sequence into RNA (ribonucleic acid).
- RNA information is used to make a specific protein - this is called translation.
RNA Structure
- RNA molecules are chains of nucleotides, single-stranded
RNA vs. DNA
- RNA sugar is ribose; DNA sugar is deoxyribose.
- RNA is single-stranded, DNA is double-stranded.
- RNA has four nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Uracil replaces thymine.
- All base-pairing rules apply: C=G, A=U
Types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) reads mRNA during translation, producing amino acids.
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is RNA in ribosomes.
Transcription (RNA Synthesis)
- RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA.
- The RNA molecule is complementary to the DNA molecule, but not identical.
- RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence (starting point on DNA) on DNA.
- RNA polymerase unwinds and separates DNA.
- Complementary RNA bases are added to DNA bases, making a single mRNA strand.
- mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein production.
Transcription Practice
- DNA: A-T-C-T-G-T-T-A
- RNA: U-A-G-A-C-A-A-U
Nature of the Genetic Code
- Genes ("directions") help make proteins; the DNA code is determined by arrangements of the four nitrogen bases.
- Each three-nucleotide mRNA combination is a codon, or three-letter code word.
Codon Examples
- C-U-G, A-C-U are both codons.
- Codons specify amino acids to be added to the protein chain.
Translation
- Translation uses mRNA information to put together amino acids and form proteins.
- Occurs in steps, involves three types of RNA, and results in a polypeptide.
Translation Steps
- Ribosome, tRNA (with methionine), and mRNA bind together.
- A new tRNA arrives and binds to the next mRNA codon.
- The first tRNA detaches and leaves its amino acid.
- The process continues until a "stop" codon is reached.
- The amino acid chain is released, and the ribosome complex separates. A tRNA molecule has an anticodon that is complementary to an mRNA codon and carries the amino acids for the protein.
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Description
Explore the intricate process of DNA replication and protein synthesis in this quiz. Understand how nucleotides form DNA and the role of enzymes such as DNA polymerases. Test your knowledge on the structure of DNA and the mechanisms that ensure accurate copying before cell division.
