DNA Replication and Mitosis

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary outcome of DNA replication?

  • Two RNA molecules identical to each other.
  • Two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule. (correct)
  • A single-stranded RNA molecule complementary to the original DNA.
  • Two protein molecules with the same amino acid sequence.

During which phase of mitosis do the chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell?

  • Telophase
  • Anaphase (correct)
  • Metaphase
  • Prophase

Which of the following best describes the role of the centromere in DNA replication and mitosis?

  • It is the location where mRNA attaches during protein synthesis.
  • It is the region where the nuclear membrane forms during telophase.
  • It is where sister chromatids are joined together after chromosome replication. (correct)
  • It initiates the process of DNA unzipping during replication.

What is the significance of producing 'identical copies' of DNA before cell division?

<p>To ensure each daughter cell receives the same genetic information as the parent cell. (A)</p>
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During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear membrane reform around the separated chromosomes?

<p>Telophase (C)</p>
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Which statement accurately contrasts mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Mitosis produces genetically identical cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces genetically diverse cells for sexual reproduction. (A)</p>
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A cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?

<p>46 (A)</p>
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What is the function of mitosis?

<p>Growth and repair of tissues. (D)</p>
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What happens to the chromosomes during prophase?

<p>They condense and become visible. (C)</p>
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of asexual reproduction?

<p>It involves mitosis to produce identical offspring. (B)</p>
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What is the key difference between diploid and haploid cells?

<p>Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes, while haploid cells contain one. (D)</p>
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A cell in metaphase contains chromosomes aligned along the equator. What is the direct consequence if this alignment fails?

<p>The resulting daughter cells will have an unequal number of chromosomes. (B)</p>
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Why is DNA replication essential before mitosis?

<p>To ensure each daughter cell receives a complete and identical set of genetic information. (B)</p>
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Which event characterizes the S phase of the cell cycle, which occurs prior to mitosis?

<p>The replication of DNA. (D)</p>
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What would be the most likely consequence of a mutation that disables the enzyme responsible for unzipping the DNA molecule during replication?

<p>Replication would not occur, preventing cell division. (C)</p>
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What cellular process directly relies on the identical copying of DNA?

<p>Mitosis. (D)</p>
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Which of the following describes the genetic content of daughter cells produced during mitosis?

<p>The daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. (C)</p>
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Which of the following is an example of asexual reproduction?

<p>A bacterium dividing into two identical cells. (A)</p>
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What is the primary function of the fiber network during mitosis?

<p>To align and separate chromosomes. (B)</p>
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What is the outcome of cytokinesis?

<p>Division of the cytoplasm and formation of two separate cells (A)</p>
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Flashcards

DNA Replication

The process where DNA is duplicated to produce identical copies before cell division.

DNA Replication Steps

The three steps: 'unzipping' the DNA, complementary bases attach, and replication creating identical strands.

DNA Replication Outcome

Each strand results in a double helix, creating two identical DNA molecules.

Mitosis

A type of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.

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Meiosis

A cell division that produces gametes

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Interphase

Chromosomes replicate to have two chromatids.

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Prophase

Chromosomes become visible.

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Metaphase

Replicated chromosomes align at the cell's center.

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Anaphase

Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

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Telophase

Two nuclei form, each identical to the parent cell.

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Cytokinesis

Cell membranes form; two identical daughter cells result.

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Mitosis Outcome

A full diploid set of chromosomes in each daughter cell after division.

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Diploid

2n – Two sets of autosomes, two sex chromosomes (XX or XY).

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Asexual Reproduction

Organisms reproduce via mitosis, creating identical clones.

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Haploid

n – Only one copy of each chromosome e.g. gametes (eggs and sperms).

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Centromere

A structure that links chromosomes

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Sister chromatids

Two identical replicas of a single chromosome.

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Study Notes

  • DNA replication is the process of creating identical copies of DNA before cell division
  • Mitosis is a type of cell division

DNA Replication

  • DNA is replicated to form identical copies before cell division
  • Three steps are involved in DNA replication
  • The parent DNA molecule starts to unzip at one end in the first step
  • Complementary bases attach to both strands of the DNA to begin copying the DNA molecule
  • Replication results in two identical strands of DNA
  • Both DNA strands are copied, resulting each as a double helix with two identical DNA molecules
  • After a chromosome replicates, it forms two chromatids joined at the centromere

Mitosis

  • A type of cell division (other is meiosis)
  • Results in two identical daughter cells to the parent cell
  • Growth and repair are bodily functions
  • Stages of mitosis: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
  • In interphase, chromosomes replicate to have two chromatids
  • During prophase, replicated chromosomes and their chromatids become visible
  • The membrane of the nucleus breaks down
  • Metaphase: Replicated chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell. Fibre network forms from each pole
  • Anaphase: Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Fibre network contracts, pulling chromosomes to each pole
  • Telophase: Two nuclei form, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
  • Cytokinesis: Cell membranes form, creating two daughter cells, each with a nucleus. The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two identical daughter cells
  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense and nucleoli and the nuclear envelope disappears
  • Each daughter cell has a full diploid set of chromosomes
  • Diploid refers to two sets of autosomes and two sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
  • Haploid refers to only one copy of each chromosome (e.g., gametes like eggs and sperm)
  • Humans have 46 chromosomes, which include 23 sets, 22 sets of autosomes, and one set of sex chromosomes

Asexual Reproduction

  • Unicellular organisms with a nucleus can reproduce via mitosis to produce identical clones
    • Example: Yeast, Protists (Amoeba)
  • Multicellular plants and animals can also reproduce asexually when there is no gamete union
    • Example: Hydra plants or New Mexico whiptail lizard
  • It is a straight-forward process but no variation in the offspring

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