Lecture 3

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following types of DNA lesions is believed to be the most critical?

  • Double-strand breaks (DSBs) (correct)
  • Base pair substitutions
  • Single-strand breaks (SSBs)
  • Chemical modifications

Which of the following is the primary target for the biological effects of radiation?

  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • DNA (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the four bases that determine the genetic code in DNA?

  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil (correct)

What is the consequence of defects in DNA mismatch repair?

<p>Microsatellite instability (MSI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of telomeres in chromosomes?

<p>To protect chromosomes from damage and degradation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is currently used to measure DNA strand breaks?

<p>Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using the comet assay to measure DNA damage and repair?

<p>It is advantageous for studying biopsy specimens from tumors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway is used to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)?

<p>HEJR and HRR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway efficiently repairs base damage caused by ionizing radiation?

<p>Base Excision Repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway repairs DNA double-strand breaks by joining the ends of the broken DNA without requiring homology?

<p>Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary target for the biological effects of radiation?

<p>DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA in the cell?

<p>Genetic information storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of DNA damage is believed to be the most critical?

<p>Double-strand breaks (DSBs) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four bases that determine the genetic code in DNA?

<p>Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway efficiently repairs DNA double-strand breaks using an undamaged DNA strand as a template for repair?

<p>Homologous recombination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is currently used to measure DNA strand breaks?

<p>Comet assay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is widely used to detect and study DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)?

<p>Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is advantageous for studying biopsy specimens from tumors?

<p>Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway is used to repair base damage in DNA?

<p>Base excision repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway efficiently repairs base damage caused by ionizing radiation?

<p>Base excision repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway removes bulky adducts from DNA, such as pyrimidine dimers formed by UV light?

<p>Nucleotide excision repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of defects in DNA mismatch repair?

<p>Microsatellite instability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are telomeres?

<p>Caps at the ends of chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between telomere shortening and aging?

<p>Telomeres shorten with age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aberration occurs if a cell is irradiated early in interphase, before the chromosome material has been duplicated?

<p>Chromosome aberrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aberration occurs if the broken ends of chromosomes fail to rejoin after ionizing radiation?

<p>Deletion aberration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aberration is characterized by a chromatid being stretched between the two poles of the cell at anaphase?

<p>Anaphase bridge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following repair pathways is error-prone and predominantly found in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in mammalian cells?

<p>Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway removes base-base and small insertion mismatches that occur during replication and homologous recombination?

<p>Mismatch repair (MMR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following repair pathways requires an undamaged DNA strand as a template for repair and is predominantly found in lower eukaryotes and late S/G2 phase of the cell cycle in mammalian cells?

<p>Homologous recombination repair (HRR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway repairs DNA double-strand breaks by joining the ends of the broken DNA without requiring homology?

<p>Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway repairs DNA double-strand breaks using an undamaged DNA strand as a template for repair?

<p>Homologous recombination repair (HRR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which repair pathway is predominantly found in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in mammalian cells?

<p>Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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