Lecture 3
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following types of DNA lesions is believed to be the most critical?

  • Double-strand breaks (DSBs) (correct)
  • Base pair substitutions
  • Single-strand breaks (SSBs)
  • Chemical modifications
  • Which of the following is the primary target for the biological effects of radiation?

  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • DNA (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT one of the four bases that determine the genetic code in DNA?

  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil (correct)
  • What is the consequence of defects in DNA mismatch repair?

    <p>Microsatellite instability (MSI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomeres in chromosomes?

    <p>To protect chromosomes from damage and degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is currently used to measure DNA strand breaks?

    <p>Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using the comet assay to measure DNA damage and repair?

    <p>It is advantageous for studying biopsy specimens from tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway is used to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)?

    <p>HEJR and HRR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway efficiently repairs base damage caused by ionizing radiation?

    <p>Base Excision Repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway repairs DNA double-strand breaks by joining the ends of the broken DNA without requiring homology?

    <p>Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary target for the biological effects of radiation?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA in the cell?

    <p>Genetic information storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of DNA damage is believed to be the most critical?

    <p>Double-strand breaks (DSBs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four bases that determine the genetic code in DNA?

    <p>Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway efficiently repairs DNA double-strand breaks using an undamaged DNA strand as a template for repair?

    <p>Homologous recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is currently used to measure DNA strand breaks?

    <p>Comet assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is widely used to detect and study DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)?

    <p>Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is advantageous for studying biopsy specimens from tumors?

    <p>Single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway is used to repair base damage in DNA?

    <p>Base excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway efficiently repairs base damage caused by ionizing radiation?

    <p>Base excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway removes bulky adducts from DNA, such as pyrimidine dimers formed by UV light?

    <p>Nucleotide excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of defects in DNA mismatch repair?

    <p>Microsatellite instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the movement of chromosomes to the center of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are telomeres?

    <p>Caps at the ends of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between telomere shortening and aging?

    <p>Telomeres shorten with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aberration occurs if a cell is irradiated early in interphase, before the chromosome material has been duplicated?

    <p>Chromosome aberrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aberration occurs if the broken ends of chromosomes fail to rejoin after ionizing radiation?

    <p>Deletion aberration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aberration is characterized by a chromatid being stretched between the two poles of the cell at anaphase?

    <p>Anaphase bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following repair pathways is error-prone and predominantly found in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in mammalian cells?

    <p>Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway removes base-base and small insertion mismatches that occur during replication and homologous recombination?

    <p>Mismatch repair (MMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following repair pathways requires an undamaged DNA strand as a template for repair and is predominantly found in lower eukaryotes and late S/G2 phase of the cell cycle in mammalian cells?

    <p>Homologous recombination repair (HRR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway repairs DNA double-strand breaks by joining the ends of the broken DNA without requiring homology?

    <p>Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway repairs DNA double-strand breaks using an undamaged DNA strand as a template for repair?

    <p>Homologous recombination repair (HRR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair pathway is predominantly found in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in mammalian cells?

    <p>Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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