DNA Recombination Process Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Who invented the microscope and described the first microbes?

  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
  • Francesco Redi
  • Robert Hooke (correct)
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

    • Which scientist observed the first single-celled organisms, such as bacteria?

  • Francesco Redi
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (correct)
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
  • Robert Hooke

    • Who conducted the 'meat/flies experiment' that disproved the idea of spontaneous generation for large organisms?

  • Robert Hooke
  • Francesco Redi (correct)
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

    • Which scientist sterilized meat broth by boiling, demonstrating that it failed to grow microbes?

    <p>Lazzaro Spallanzani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory proposed that living creatures could arise without parents?

    <p>Spontaneous Generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Spontaneous Generations' was disproved by which scientist's experiment involving meat and flies?

    <p>Francesco Redi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation through the Swan-necked flask experiment?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each colony/spot of bacterial growth represent?

    <p>A clonal population replicating from one original cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the solid medium using agar for bacterial culture to grow?

    <p>Angelina &amp; Walther Hesse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which postulate of Koch's postulates states that the suspected organism should be present in ALL cases of the disease & absent from healthy individuals?

    <p>Postulate #1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Koch's postulates in identifying pathogens and diseases?

    <p>Pathogens may not be culturable with known techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stromatolite clear fossilized evidence of?

    <p>Bacterial communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prebiotic soup a hypothetical set of conditions for?

    <p>Formation of small organic molecules on early Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was produced by the Miller-Urey experiment under simulated prehistoric Earth conditions?

    <p>&quot;Molecules of life&quot; like amino acids and their derivatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model suggests self-sufficient abiotic chemical reactions formed cellular metabolism?

    <p>Metabolist Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is suggested to be a precursor to DNA and has catalytic activity?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the molecular clock measure?

    <p>Time information contained in macromolecular sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Shine-Dalgarno sequence allow on mRNA?

    <p>Binding to ribosomes in prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point of the endosymbiont theory?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bacterial genomes?

    <p>Contain a significant amount of non-coding DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the transfer of DNA from the environment into a bacterial cell?

    <p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bacteriophages?

    <p>Inject viral DNA into bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

    <p>Genes are acquired from the environment by the bacteria themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Enhanced competence due to low temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of most foreign DNA entering a bacterial cell?

    <p>Degradation by restriction endonucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Recombination proteins (Rec) in bacteria?

    <p>Mediate the combination of two DNA molecules with specific homologous sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of operons in bacteria?

    <p>Regulate the expression of structural genes through DNA control sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of genomic island regions in bacterial genomes?

    <p>Regions with signs of horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the nucleoid in bacterial cells?

    <p>Forms loops of chromosomes called domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mitochondria behave like endosymbiotic organisms?

    <p>Live inside another organism and reproduce independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands?

    <p>DNA polymerase III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RecA during DNA recombination?

    <p>Invading recipient &amp; donor to homologous stretch of recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the breaking and rejoining event that passes the chromosomes at the termination of DNA replication?

    <p>Topoisomerase IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNase H during the completion of DNA replication?

    <p>Removes the RNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of DNA primase in DNA replication?

    <p>Producing RNA primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves a change in a single base?

    <p>Transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of photolyase enzyme in DNA repair?

    <p>Binding to pyrimidine dimer and cleaving the cyclobutane ring under UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of RecBCD protein machine in DNA recombination?

    <p>Unwinding donor DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of replication occurs for cellular DNA in most cases?

    <p>Semiconservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for keeping the single DNA strands apart during DNA synthesis?

    <p>SSBs (single-stranded DNA binding proteins)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do base analogs do during DNA replication?

    <p>Introduce mutations due to incorrect pairing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation changes the amino acid sequence to a stop codon?

    <p>Nonsense mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the O-specific polysaccharide in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

    <p>It forms a protective and stabilizing layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport involves the movement of molecules against the gradient and requires energy?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ABC Transporters?

    <p>Provide energy for primary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) in bacterial cells?

    <p>Drive entry of glucose by modifying it to G6P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for the transport of unfolded proteins requiring ATP hydrolysis to move out of the cell?

    <p>Sec System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Sec-dependent secretion proteins?

    <p>Move signal-peptide containing proteins into periplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial secretion system is used to inject toxins/harmful molecules into other cells?

    <p>Type VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Glycocalyx?

    <ul> <li>It serves as a network of polysaccharides from cell surface</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Proton-Motive Force promote?

    <ul> <li>Movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Capsule in bacterial cells?

    <ul> <li>It forms an organized glycocalyx that is difficult to remove</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Type III bacterial secretion system?

    <ul> <li>Inject toxins/harmful molecules into other cells</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Which repair mechanism recognizes and repairs bases that (mostly) do not distort DNA structure?

    <p>Base-excision repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA ligase in the excision repair process?

    <p>Seals the broken ends of DNA back together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the SOS response, what is the role of RecA?

    <p>Inactivates LexA when DNA is damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process requires homology and is RecA mediated?

    <p>Double-strand break repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Rho in Rho-dependent termination?

    <p>Binds mRNA &amp; moves along</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Sigma70 factor in transcription?

    <p>Needed for gene homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as a permeability barrier in bacterial cells?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

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