29 Questions
What do large-scale mutations involve?
Rearrangement of DNA segments
Which type of mutation involves swapping a single nucleotide pair like changing a single letter in a word?
Substitutions
What is the main characteristic of silent mutations?
They can occur outside genes
Which type of mutation involves adding or removing nucleotide pairs, similar to editing a sentence?
Insertions and Deletions
What happens during a missense mutation?
A nucleotide pair is transformed into another that codes for a different amino acid
What makes silent mutations similar to secret agents?
They can occur without affecting the protein's appearance
What is the role of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) in the cell cycle?
Stimulating both mitosis and meiosis
How does Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) work?
By adding phosphate groups to proteins needed during mitosis
Which subunit of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) is responsible for adding phosphate groups to proteins?
CDK1
What happens to cyclins when their 'destruction box' is recognized by the ubiquitin ligase enzyme?
They are degraded
During which phases of the cell cycle does the CDK1 subunit of MPF remain inactive?
G1 and S phases
What is the consequence of sickle cells blocking blood vessels?
Decreased oxygen transport and tissue damage
What is the function of a proto-oncogene in normal cells?
Promoting cell growth and division
Which protein is a key regulator controlling entry into mitosis?
Cdc2
What happens when a proto-oncogene mutates or becomes overactive?
It becomes a tumor-inducing oncogene
What is the role of Cyclin B in the Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF)?
Activating the transition from G2 phase to M phase
How do gene variants/mutations contribute to the development of cancer?
By keeping the 'gas pedal' on all the time
What effect does MPF activation have on the cell cycle?
Triggering the transition from G2 phase to M phase
What specific tyrosine residue does Wee1 phosphorylate on CDK1?
Tyr-15
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes in cell growth?
Inhibit cell division
What is the role of CDC25 during the transition from G2 to M phase?
De-phosphorylates CDK1
In the analogy provided, what role does the car's accelerator (gas pedal) represent?
Proto-oncogenes
Which kinase is often referred to as the 'M phase kinase'?
CDK1
Which gene is associated with monitoring DNA integrity?
p53
Which type of genes keep cell growth in check?
Tumor Suppressor Genes
What happens when tumor suppressor genes are mutated or inactivated?
Uncontrolled cell growth
What do cell cycle checkpoints ensure before the cell proceeds to the next phase?
Accurate DNA replication and chromosome segregation
How do proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer development?
One promotes division, the other inhibits it
Which gene products act as brakes to prevent excessive cell proliferation?
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Learn about how DNA mutations can affect gene products, with a focus on small-scale mutations like substitutions. Explore how changes in nucleotide pairs can impact the genetic code and ultimately the protein produced.
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