DNA Mutations and Gene Products

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What do large-scale mutations involve?

Silent mutations outside of genes

Changes in a few nucleotide pairs

Insertion and deletion of nucleotide pairs

Rearrangement of DNA segments (correct)

Which type of mutation involves swapping a single nucleotide pair like changing a single letter in a word?

Deletions

Insertions

Silent Mutations

Substitutions (correct)

What is the main characteristic of silent mutations?

They involve adding or removing nucleotide pairs

They can occur outside genes (correct)

They result in a different amino acid being coded

They change the protein's appearance significantly

Which type of mutation involves adding or removing nucleotide pairs, similar to editing a sentence?

Insertions and Deletions Signup and view all the answers

What happens during a missense mutation?

A nucleotide pair is transformed into another that codes for a different amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What makes silent mutations similar to secret agents?

They can occur without affecting the protein's appearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) in the cell cycle?

Stimulating both mitosis and meiosis Signup and view all the answers

How does Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) work?

By adding phosphate groups to proteins needed during mitosis Signup and view all the answers

Which subunit of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) is responsible for adding phosphate groups to proteins?

CDK1 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cyclins when their 'destruction box' is recognized by the ubiquitin ligase enzyme?

They are degraded Signup and view all the answers

During which phases of the cell cycle does the CDK1 subunit of MPF remain inactive?

G1 and S phases Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of sickle cells blocking blood vessels?

Decreased oxygen transport and tissue damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a proto-oncogene in normal cells?

Promoting cell growth and division Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is a key regulator controlling entry into mitosis?

Cdc2 Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a proto-oncogene mutates or becomes overactive?

It becomes a tumor-inducing oncogene Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Cyclin B in the Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF)?

Activating the transition from G2 phase to M phase Signup and view all the answers

How do gene variants/mutations contribute to the development of cancer?

By keeping the 'gas pedal' on all the time Signup and view all the answers

What effect does MPF activation have on the cell cycle?

Triggering the transition from G2 phase to M phase Signup and view all the answers

What specific tyrosine residue does Wee1 phosphorylate on CDK1?

Tyr-15 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes in cell growth?

Inhibit cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CDC25 during the transition from G2 to M phase?

De-phosphorylates CDK1 Signup and view all the answers

In the analogy provided, what role does the car's accelerator (gas pedal) represent?

Proto-oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

Which kinase is often referred to as the 'M phase kinase'?

CDK1 Signup and view all the answers

Which gene is associated with monitoring DNA integrity?

p53 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genes keep cell growth in check?

Tumor Suppressor Genes Signup and view all the answers

What happens when tumor suppressor genes are mutated or inactivated?

Uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

What do cell cycle checkpoints ensure before the cell proceeds to the next phase?

Accurate DNA replication and chromosome segregation Signup and view all the answers

How do proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer development?

One promotes division, the other inhibits it Signup and view all the answers

Which gene products act as brakes to prevent excessive cell proliferation?