DNA Mutations and Gene Products
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Questions and Answers

What do large-scale mutations involve?

  • Silent mutations outside of genes
  • Changes in a few nucleotide pairs
  • Insertion and deletion of nucleotide pairs
  • Rearrangement of DNA segments (correct)

    • Which type of mutation involves swapping a single nucleotide pair like changing a single letter in a word?

  • Deletions
  • Insertions
  • Silent Mutations
  • Substitutions (correct)

    • What is the main characteristic of silent mutations?

  • They involve adding or removing nucleotide pairs
  • They can occur outside genes (correct)
  • They result in a different amino acid being coded
  • They change the protein's appearance significantly

    • Which type of mutation involves adding or removing nucleotide pairs, similar to editing a sentence?

    <p>Insertions and Deletions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during a missense mutation?

    <p>A nucleotide pair is transformed into another that codes for a different amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes silent mutations similar to secret agents?

    <p>They can occur without affecting the protein's appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) in the cell cycle?

    <p>Stimulating both mitosis and meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) work?

    <p>By adding phosphate groups to proteins needed during mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subunit of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) is responsible for adding phosphate groups to proteins?

    <p>CDK1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cyclins when their 'destruction box' is recognized by the ubiquitin ligase enzyme?

    <p>They are degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phases of the cell cycle does the CDK1 subunit of MPF remain inactive?

    <p>G1 and S phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of sickle cells blocking blood vessels?

    <p>Decreased oxygen transport and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a proto-oncogene in normal cells?

    <p>Promoting cell growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is a key regulator controlling entry into mitosis?

    <p>Cdc2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a proto-oncogene mutates or becomes overactive?

    <p>It becomes a tumor-inducing oncogene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Cyclin B in the Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF)?

    <p>Activating the transition from G2 phase to M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gene variants/mutations contribute to the development of cancer?

    <p>By keeping the 'gas pedal' on all the time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does MPF activation have on the cell cycle?

    <p>Triggering the transition from G2 phase to M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific tyrosine residue does Wee1 phosphorylate on CDK1?

    <p>Tyr-15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tumor suppressor genes in cell growth?

    <p>Inhibit cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CDC25 during the transition from G2 to M phase?

    <p>De-phosphorylates CDK1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the analogy provided, what role does the car's accelerator (gas pedal) represent?

    <p>Proto-oncogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kinase is often referred to as the 'M phase kinase'?

    <p>CDK1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is associated with monitoring DNA integrity?

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genes keep cell growth in check?

    <p>Tumor Suppressor Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when tumor suppressor genes are mutated or inactivated?

    <p>Uncontrolled cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cell cycle checkpoints ensure before the cell proceeds to the next phase?

    <p>Accurate DNA replication and chromosome segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer development?

    <p>One promotes division, the other inhibits it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene products act as brakes to prevent excessive cell proliferation?

    <p>Tumor Suppressor Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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