DNA Mutation Causes

A permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.

Mutations that arise from errors during DNA replication.

DNA polymerases can make mistakes during replication, leading to changes in the DNA sequence.

A type of replication error where the DNA polymerase slips and inserts or deletes nucleotides, often in regions with repeated sequences.

A temporary shift in the chemical structure of a base, causing it to pair incorrectly with another base during replication.

Isomers with slightly different chemical structures.

A permanent change in the DNA sequence.

Chemical or environmental agents causing changes in DNA.

A chemical that resembles a normal nucleotide base.

A base analog that can be incorporated into DNA instead of thymine.

A chemical process that changes the structure of a nucleotide.

An example of a deaminating agent, changing adenine to hypoxanthine.

Chemicals that add alkyl groups to DNA, causing mutations.

A type of mutagen that inserts between base pairs of DNA, causing mutations.

A purine (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidine (cytosine or thymine) base is lost from the DNA molecule, leaving an empty space in the DNA chain.

They can cause DNA damage by inserting themselves between base pairs, distorting the DNA structure and interfering with replication and transcription. Examples include ethidium bromide.

These agents add alkyl groups to DNA bases, altering their structure and pairing properties. Examples include ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS).

Ultraviolet radiation can cause adjacent thymine bases to form a dimer, known as a thymine dimer. These dimers disrupt DNA replication and transcription.

This results in the formation of a uracil base instead of cytosine. Uracil pairs with adenine instead of guanine, leading to a mutation.

Involves various proteins that recognize and repair mismatched bases in DNA, preventing mutations during DNA replication.

A DNA repair pathway that joins broken ends of DNA strands, often resulting in some loss of genetic information.

A rare genetic disorder caused by defects in DNA repair mechanisms, leading to a high susceptibility to skin cancer and other health problems.

Specialized structures at the ends of chromosomes that prevent the loss of genetic information during DNA replication.

A protein complex that recognizes mismatched bases in DNA during replication in humans.

A mechanism of DNA repair where a specific enzyme directly removes a damaged nucleotide, restoring the original sequence.

The process of removing a damaged nucleotide or a longer sequence of DNA containing the damage, followed by resynthesis of the correct sequence.

A type of excision repair where only a single damaged base is removed from the DNA strand.

A type of excision repair where a larger segment of DNA containing the damaged bases is removed.

This pathway repairs double strand breaks by bringing broken ends together, sometimes with a loss of genetic information.

Genetic conditions that arise due to deficiencies in various DNA repair pathways, leading to increased susceptibility to mutations and diseases.

A critical cellular process for maintaining the integrity of the genome by correcting DNA damage caused by various agents.

A DNA repair pathway in E. coli that starts by removing a damaged base with a DNA glycosylase enzyme.

A specific type of repair pathway in E. coli that removes a damaged DNA segment containing the damaged nucleotide and then resynthesizes the removed section with the correct sequence.

The process of correcting mismatches in DNA sequences that occur during DNA replication. In E. coli, the parent strand is distinguished from the daughter strand by its methylation.

The enzyme involved in nucleotide excision repair in E. coli. It acts like a pair of molecular scissors, cutting out the damaged DNA segment.

This enzyme recognizes incorrect nucleotide pairings during mismatch repair.

The enzyme that cuts the newly synthesized DNA strand near the mismatch during mismatch repair.

A period of time during which DNA replication is occurring in E. coli. Mismatch repair happens during this period.