30 Questions
What is the ultimate source of variation and novelty in evolution?
Mutations
In eukaryotes, where can mutations occur but are not inherited?
Somatic cells
Which type of mutation usually leads to a dominant gain of function?
Gain of function mutation
What does SNP stand for in genetics?
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Which type of mutation refers to either an insertion or deletion?
INDEL
What type of mutation involves a change in the location of nucleotides?
Inversion
What is the repair pathway involved in fixing double strand breaks in DNA?
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)
Which type of radiation can cause T-T dimerization leading to deletions or insertions in DNA?
UV light
What type of agents can substitute for purines or pyrimidines during nucleic acid biosynthesis?
Base analogs
Which repair mechanism involves adding nucleotides to fill in gaps after alignment of DNA ends?
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)
Which mutagenic agent reacts with nucleic acids to cause mutations?
Alkylating agents
What is the high-energy source that can knock off electrons and cause mutations in DNA?
UV light
Which process is responsible for the base change due to the repositioning of hydrogen in a DNA molecule?
Tautomerism
What type of mutation occurs due to hydrolysis of a purine (A or G) in a DNA molecule?
Depurination
Which mutation type results from the removal of an amine group in either C or A, leading to U or hypoxanthine formation, respectively?
Deamination
Which mutation arises from denaturation of the new DNA strand during replication, followed by renaturation in a different location?
Slipped strand mispairing
What is the process that allows DNA replication past DNA lesions with low fidelity on undamaged templates?
Translesion synthesis
What is the term for the error-prone replication bypass process that often results in the insertion of wrong bases?
Translesion synthesis
What type of mutations result from intercalating agents?
Frameshift mutations
Which repair mechanism involves the excision of damaged DNA by a light-dependent enzyme?
Photoreactivation
What is the main activity of DNA polymerase I in excision repair?
Excising damaged part
Which type of mutation can alkylating agents cause?
Point mutations
What is the result of oxidative damage by oxygen radicals on DNA?
Base modification leading to mispairing
Which enzyme is responsible for repairing mismatched bases in DNA?
DNA ligase
What type of mutation causes a change in amino acid transcribed and alters protein function?
Missense mutation
Which type of mutation does NOT alter protein function and results in a shift in the reading frame?
Frameshift mutation
At a twofold degenerate site, how many possible changes are nonsynonymous?
2
Which type of mutation results in no change in the amino acid transcribed?
Neutral mutation
What is the effect of a nonsense mutation?
Normal codon to a stop codon
What can cause a frameshift mutation?
Insertion or deletion altering the reading frame
Test your knowledge on the origin and types of mutations in genetics. Identify different types of spontaneous mutations caused by molecular decay like tautomerism, depurination, deamination, and slipped strand mispairing.
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