Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the major criteria for a molecule to serve as genetic material?
What was the major criteria for a molecule to serve as genetic material?
- Replicate, translate information, express information, allow variation by mutation
- Replicate, store information, express information, allow variation by mutation (correct)
- Replicate, store energy, express information, allow variation by recombination
- Replicate, store information, transcribe information, allow variation by mutation
Who provided the first direct experimental proof that DNA is the biomolecule responsible for heredity?
Who provided the first direct experimental proof that DNA is the biomolecule responsible for heredity?
- Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (correct)
- Griffith
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Phagocytes
What did Griffith's Transformation Experiment demonstrate?
What did Griffith's Transformation Experiment demonstrate?
- Dead encapsulated bacteria could be transformed to avirulence
- Living encapsulated bacteria could be transformed to virulence (correct)
- Living nonencapsulated bacteria could be transformed to virulence
- Dead nonencapsulated bacteria could be transformed to avirulence
What did Griffith's experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae suggest about the transforming principle?
What did Griffith's experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae suggest about the transforming principle?
What is the function of telomerase?
What is the function of telomerase?
What is the role of telomerase in cancer cells?
What is the role of telomerase in cancer cells?
What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase?
What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase?
How do nucleoside analogs inhibit chain growth of DNA transcribed by reverse transcriptase?
How do nucleoside analogs inhibit chain growth of DNA transcribed by reverse transcriptase?
What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
What is unique about the 5' end of mRNA in eukaryotes?
What is unique about the 5' end of mRNA in eukaryotes?
What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis?
What is the primary function of tRNA?
What is the primary function of tRNA?
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a new RNA chain from DNA?
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a new RNA chain from DNA?
What are the precursors for RNA chain synthesis?
What are the precursors for RNA chain synthesis?
What are the core subunits of prokaryotic RNA Polymerase?
What are the core subunits of prokaryotic RNA Polymerase?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds in protein translation?
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds in protein translation?
What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty discover about the transforming principle?
What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty discover about the transforming principle?
What did Hershey and Chase demonstrate about the genetic material?
What did Hershey and Chase demonstrate about the genetic material?
What is the composition of eukaryotic chromatin?
What is the composition of eukaryotic chromatin?
What does mitochondrial DNA encode?
What does mitochondrial DNA encode?
When does DNA replication occur?
When does DNA replication occur?
What enzyme adds new nucleotides during DNA replication?
What enzyme adds new nucleotides during DNA replication?
Which DNA polymerase is responsible for replicating mitochondrial DNA in eukaryotes?
Which DNA polymerase is responsible for replicating mitochondrial DNA in eukaryotes?
What is the main function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?
What is the main function of DNA ligase during DNA replication?
Which type of topoisomerase is DNA Gyrase?
Which type of topoisomerase is DNA Gyrase?
What is the function of RNase H during DNA replication?
What is the function of RNase H during DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for elongating Okazaki fragments on the leading strand?
Which enzyme is responsible for elongating Okazaki fragments on the leading strand?
What is the role of pol I in prokaryotic DNA replication?
What is the role of pol I in prokaryotic DNA replication?
What is the function of pol II in prokaryotic DNA replication?
What is the function of pol II in prokaryotic DNA replication?
What is the primary function of pol III in prokaryotic DNA replication?
What is the primary function of pol III in prokaryotic DNA replication?
Which enzyme catalyzes the covalent bond between a phosphate group on one nucleotide and the deoxyribose of the next nucleotide?
Which enzyme catalyzes the covalent bond between a phosphate group on one nucleotide and the deoxyribose of the next nucleotide?
What causes halting of DNA replication due to thymine dimers?
What causes halting of DNA replication due to thymine dimers?
What happens when telomere DNA repeats are consumed?
What happens when telomere DNA repeats are consumed?
Which enzyme binds to specific promoter regions on DNA, marking gene locations?
Which enzyme binds to specific promoter regions on DNA, marking gene locations?
What is the sequence found around 10 bases before the transcription start site in promoter regions?
What is the sequence found around 10 bases before the transcription start site in promoter regions?
In which direction does RNA polymerase transcribe one strand at prokaryotic promoters?
In which direction does RNA polymerase transcribe one strand at prokaryotic promoters?
In which direction does RNA grow during transcription?
In which direction does RNA grow during transcription?
What prevents supercoiling of DNA during transcription?
What prevents supercoiling of DNA during transcription?
Under what conditions does RNA molecule termination occur?
Under what conditions does RNA molecule termination occur?
Which antibiotics inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase activity?
Which antibiotics inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase activity?
Which type of RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA in eukaryotes?
Which type of RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA in eukaryotes?
What is the role of a karyotype?
What is the role of a karyotype?
What are homologous chromosomes matched in?
What are homologous chromosomes matched in?
Where is most DNA located in a cell?
Where is most DNA located in a cell?
What is the primary function of genes?
What is the primary function of genes?
Which type of inheritance pattern is associated with hereditary hemochromatosis?
Which type of inheritance pattern is associated with hereditary hemochromatosis?
What is the likelihood of an affected male transmitting the mutant gene to his daughters?
What is the likelihood of an affected male transmitting the mutant gene to his daughters?
What is the ratio of males in the population affected by hemophilia A?
What is the ratio of males in the population affected by hemophilia A?
What is the primary cause of hemophilia A?
What is the primary cause of hemophilia A?
What defines the severity of hemophilia A?
What defines the severity of hemophilia A?
What is the likelihood of a heterozygous woman transmitting the mutant gene to her sons?
What is the likelihood of a heterozygous woman transmitting the mutant gene to her sons?
What type of disorder is hemophilia A?
What type of disorder is hemophilia A?
What can simulate autosomal dominant inheritance in small pedigrees for hemophilia A?
What can simulate autosomal dominant inheritance in small pedigrees for hemophilia A?
Which type of genetic disorder is Down syndrome?
Which type of genetic disorder is Down syndrome?
What is the most common mechanism leading to Down syndrome?
What is the most common mechanism leading to Down syndrome?
Which diagnostic tests can detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus before birth?
Which diagnostic tests can detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus before birth?
What is the genetic condition characterized by an XXY genotype?
What is the genetic condition characterized by an XXY genotype?
What type of genetic disorders result from the combined action of multiple genes?
What type of genetic disorders result from the combined action of multiple genes?
What is the term for the loss of one chromosome in a pair?
What is the term for the loss of one chromosome in a pair?
What can be detected through karyotyping?
What can be detected through karyotyping?
What can result from mutations at the level of individual genes?
What can result from mutations at the level of individual genes?
Study Notes
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Sigma factor binds to specific promoter regions on DNA, marking gene locations
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Promoter regions contain the TATAAT box around 10 bases before transcription start
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RNA polymerase binds to prokaryotic promoters, transcribing one strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction
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RNA grows in the 5’ to 3’ direction as RNA polymerase catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation
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Supercoiling is avoided by topoisomerases
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RNA molecule termination occurs when it becomes tail heavy or when Rho factor disrupts RNA-DNA association
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Antibiotics like rifampicin and quinolones inhibit bacterial RNA polymerase and ligase activities
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RNA polymerere I, II, and III synthesize rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA in eukaryotes, respectively
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RNA Polymerase II requires transcription factors and complex formation to initiate mRNA synthesis
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Initiation of mRNA synthesis involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter, unwinding DNA, and separating bases
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mRNA contains a 5’ cap and a 3’ polyadenylated tail for protection from degradation
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mRNA undergoes posttranscriptional modification including removal of introns through splicing
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Alternative splicing can result in multiple protein products from a single mRNA transcript
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Gene expression can be regulated by controlling transcription initiation or through posttranscriptional mechanisms including small RNAs and mRNA degradation.
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Karyotypes are produced from cells arrested at metaphase of mitosis, revealing homologous chromosome pairs and chromosome number and structure.
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Chromosomal abnormalities can be detected through karyotyping, including modifications at the level of chromosomes and variations in chromosome number.
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Phenotypic variations can result from mutations at the level of individual genes.
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Chromosome aberrations include variations in chromosome number, such as monosomy (loss of one chromosome) and trisomy (gain of one chromosome), which can result in a range of phenotypic effects.
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Monosomy (loss of one chromosome) can be lethal, while trisomy (gain of one chromosome) can be more viable, producing conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21).
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Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 and is characterized by a specific set of symptoms, including developmental disabilities, heart defects, and susceptibility to certain diseases.
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Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis is the most common mechanism leading to Down syndrome.
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Diagnostic testing, such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS), can detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus before birth.
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Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes can lead to various nonlethal genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome (XXY genotype) and Turner syndrome (XO).
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Human traits can be controlled by multiple genes, following genetics principles like Mendelian inheritance (autosomal dominant and recessive), pedigree analysis, and Punnett square.
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Monogenic disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene, while polygenic disorders result from the combined action of multiple genes.
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Environmental factors can interact with genetics to influence human traits and diseases.
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Description
Test your knowledge on DNA Gyrase, a Type II Topoisomerase used in prokaryotes, and the different types of DNA Polymerases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Learn about Ciprofloxacin's role in inactivating DNA Gyrase and the functions of various DNA Polymerases.
