DNA Denaturation
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Questions and Answers

Which molecule serves as the genetic material in cells?

  • Carbohydrate
  • DNA (correct)
  • RNA
  • Protein

    • What is the process called when RNA is synthesized from DNA?

  • Translation
  • Transcription (correct)
  • Replication
  • Transduction

    • What is the function of genes?

  • Produce enzymes
  • Regulate cell activities
  • Form chromosomes
  • Store hereditary information (correct)

    • When did Johann Friedrich Miescher report the discovery of DNA?

    <p>1869</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist first observed chromosomes while studying dividing cells under the microscope?

    <p>Walther Flemming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Miescher extract from white blood cells that is now called DNA?

    <p>Nuclein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Avery and colleagues find to be the transforming substance in Griffith's experiment?

    <p>Nucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phage can either produce lytic growth or integrate its DNA into the bacterial chromosome?

    <p>Temperate phage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA helix is the main form of DNA?

    <p>B-DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological significance of Z-DNA?

    <p>Not well understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA helix is shorter and thicker than B-DNA?

    <p>A-DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA helix is most commonly found in RNA double helices?

    <p>A-DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA molecule is found in bacteria, besides the chromosome?

    <p>Plasmids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main bacterial genome called?

    <p>Bacterial chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic units of chromatin structure in eukaryotes?

    <p>Nucleosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins bind stably to DNA in eukaryotes?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key feature of DNA structure?

    <p>Left-handed helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Chargaff's rules reveal about the base composition of DNA?

    <p>The number of A = the number of T, and the number of G = the number of C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important aspect of the double helix model of DNA?

    <p>The mechanism for replication of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is DNA length measured?

    <p>In base pairs (bp)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique was used to show that nucleosomes occur at 200-bp intervals?

    <p>Electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histone dimers H2A-H2B and H3-H4 in nucleosome assembly?

    <p>They are an integral part of the nucleosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique did Roger Kornberg and colleagues use to assemble nucleosomes in vitro?

    <p>Gentle isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the distinctive pattern of DNA fragments observed in electrophoresis?

    <p>It suggests the presence of nucleosomes at 200-bp intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemical crosslinking in the investigation of nucleosomes?

    <p>To show the presence of nucleosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Roger Kornberg and colleagues conclude about the H2A-H2B and H3-H4 complexes?

    <p>They are an integral part of the nucleosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radioactive element was used to label proteins in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

    <p>35S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hershey and Chase conclude about the genetic material of the T2 phage?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA in retroviruses?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the integrated viral genome called in retroviruses?

    <p>Provirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radioactive isotope was used to label the proteins in the Hershey-Chase experiment?

    <p>35S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hershey and Chase conclude about the genetic material of the T2 phage?

    <p>DNA was the genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA in retroviruses?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the integrated viral genome in the host cell during the reproductive cycle of a retrovirus?

    <p>It integrates into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA and Genes

    • DNA serves as the genetic material in cells.
    • The process of RNA synthesis from DNA is called transcription.
    • Genes function by carrying information from one generation to the next.

    History of DNA Discovery

    • Johann Friedrich Miescher reported the discovery of DNA in 1869.
    • Walther Flemming was the first to observe chromosomes while studying dividing cells under a microscope in 1882.
    • Miescher extracted a substance from white blood cells that is now called DNA.

    DNA Structure and Function

    • The main form of DNA is a B-DNA helix.
    • Z-DNA is a left-handed DNA helix with a shorter and thicker structure than B-DNA.
    • A-DNA is commonly found in RNA double helices.
    • Plasmids are DNA molecules found in bacteria, besides the chromosome, which is called the main bacterial genome.

    Chromatin Structure

    • Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin structure in eukaryotes.
    • Histone proteins (H2A-H2B and H3-H4) bind stably to DNA in eukaryotes and play a crucial role in nucleosome assembly.

    DNA Measurement and Analysis

    • DNA length is measured in base pairs (bp).
    • The technique of micrococcal nuclease digestion was used to show that nucleosomes occur at 200-bp intervals.

    Nucleosome Assembly

    • Roger Kornberg and colleagues used a technique involving reconstitution from purified components to assemble nucleosomes in vitro.
    • The role of histone dimers H2A-H2B and H3-H4 in nucleosome assembly is crucial.

    DNA Analysis Techniques

    • Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and analyze DNA fragments based on their size.
    • Chemical crosslinking is a technique used to investigate nucleosomes.
    • Roger Kornberg and colleagues concluded that the H2A-H2B and H3-H4 complexes are important for nucleosome assembly.

    Retroviruses

    • The enzyme responsible for synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA in retroviruses is reverse transcriptase.
    • The integrated viral genome in retroviruses is called a provirus.
    • During the reproductive cycle of a retrovirus, the provirus is transcribed into viral RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

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