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Questions and Answers
Which molecule serves as the genetic material in cells?
What is the process called when RNA is synthesized from DNA?
What is the function of genes?
When did Johann Friedrich Miescher report the discovery of DNA?
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Which scientist first observed chromosomes while studying dividing cells under the microscope?
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What did Miescher extract from white blood cells that is now called DNA?
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What did Avery and colleagues find to be the transforming substance in Griffith's experiment?
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Which type of phage can either produce lytic growth or integrate its DNA into the bacterial chromosome?
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Which type of DNA helix is the main form of DNA?
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What is the biological significance of Z-DNA?
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Which type of DNA helix is shorter and thicker than B-DNA?
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Which type of DNA helix is most commonly found in RNA double helices?
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Which type of DNA molecule is found in bacteria, besides the chromosome?
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What is the main bacterial genome called?
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What are the basic units of chromatin structure in eukaryotes?
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Which type of proteins bind stably to DNA in eukaryotes?
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Which of the following is NOT a key feature of DNA structure?
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What did Chargaff's rules reveal about the base composition of DNA?
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What is the most important aspect of the double helix model of DNA?
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How is DNA length measured?
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Which technique was used to show that nucleosomes occur at 200-bp intervals?
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What is the role of histone dimers H2A-H2B and H3-H4 in nucleosome assembly?
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Which technique did Roger Kornberg and colleagues use to assemble nucleosomes in vitro?
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What is the significance of the distinctive pattern of DNA fragments observed in electrophoresis?
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What is the role of chemical crosslinking in the investigation of nucleosomes?
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What did Roger Kornberg and colleagues conclude about the H2A-H2B and H3-H4 complexes?
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Which radioactive element was used to label proteins in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
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What did Hershey and Chase conclude about the genetic material of the T2 phage?
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What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA in retroviruses?
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What is the integrated viral genome called in retroviruses?
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Which radioactive isotope was used to label the proteins in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
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What did Hershey and Chase conclude about the genetic material of the T2 phage?
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Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA in retroviruses?
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What happens to the integrated viral genome in the host cell during the reproductive cycle of a retrovirus?
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Study Notes
DNA and Genes
- DNA serves as the genetic material in cells.
- The process of RNA synthesis from DNA is called transcription.
- Genes function by carrying information from one generation to the next.
History of DNA Discovery
- Johann Friedrich Miescher reported the discovery of DNA in 1869.
- Walther Flemming was the first to observe chromosomes while studying dividing cells under a microscope in 1882.
- Miescher extracted a substance from white blood cells that is now called DNA.
DNA Structure and Function
- The main form of DNA is a B-DNA helix.
- Z-DNA is a left-handed DNA helix with a shorter and thicker structure than B-DNA.
- A-DNA is commonly found in RNA double helices.
- Plasmids are DNA molecules found in bacteria, besides the chromosome, which is called the main bacterial genome.
Chromatin Structure
- Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin structure in eukaryotes.
- Histone proteins (H2A-H2B and H3-H4) bind stably to DNA in eukaryotes and play a crucial role in nucleosome assembly.
DNA Measurement and Analysis
- DNA length is measured in base pairs (bp).
- The technique of micrococcal nuclease digestion was used to show that nucleosomes occur at 200-bp intervals.
Nucleosome Assembly
- Roger Kornberg and colleagues used a technique involving reconstitution from purified components to assemble nucleosomes in vitro.
- The role of histone dimers H2A-H2B and H3-H4 in nucleosome assembly is crucial.
DNA Analysis Techniques
- Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate and analyze DNA fragments based on their size.
- Chemical crosslinking is a technique used to investigate nucleosomes.
- Roger Kornberg and colleagues concluded that the H2A-H2B and H3-H4 complexes are important for nucleosome assembly.
Retroviruses
- The enzyme responsible for synthesizing a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA in retroviruses is reverse transcriptase.
- The integrated viral genome in retroviruses is called a provirus.
- During the reproductive cycle of a retrovirus, the provirus is transcribed into viral RNA, which is then translated into proteins.
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Description
Test your knowledge on DNA denaturation, renaturation, and packaging with this quiz. Explore the challenges of fitting long DNA molecules into cells and nuclei.
